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Ethnic Kazakhs, a mix of Turkic and Mongol nomadic tribes who migrated to the region by the 13th century, were rarely united as a single nation. The area was conquered by Russia in the 18th century, and Kazakhstan became a Soviet Republic in 1936. Soviet policies reduced the number of ethnic Kazakhs in the 1930s and enabled non-ethnic Kazakhs to outnumber natives. During the 1950s and 1960s agricultural "Virgin Lands" program, Soviet citizens were encouraged to help cultivate Kazakhstan's northern pastures. This influx of immigrants (mostly Russians, but also some other deported nationalities) further skewed the ethnic mixture. Non-Muslim ethnic minorities departed Kazakhstan in large numbers from the mid-1990s through the mid-2000s and a national program has repatriated about a million ethnic Kazakhs back to Kazakhstan. These trends have allowed Kazakhs to become the titular majority again. This dramatic demographic shift has also undermined the previous religious diversity and made the country more than 70% Muslim. Kazakhstan's economy is larger than those of all the other Central Asian states largely due to the country's vast natural resources. Current issues include: developing a cohesive national identity, expanding the development of the country's vast energy resources and exporting them to world markets, diversifying the economy, enhancing Kazakhstan's economic competitiveness, and strengthening relations with neighboring states and foreign powers.
Kazakhstan is a presidential republic.
Source: CIA World Factbook
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Resources
Displaying 26 - 30 of 69Order No. 57-P of the Agency on land resources management validating the Regulation on land reclamation of disturbed land.
This Order specifies elaboration of land reclamation projects related to soil cover disturbed by mining, exploration, construction and other works. Elaboration of land reclamation projects shall be subject to licensing. The following factors shall be taken into consideration in the process of elaboration of land reclamation projects: (a) natural conditions; (b) prospects of land use planning; (c) actual or foreseeable state of disturbed land; (d) agrochemical or agrophysical properties of soil; and (e) environmental protection requirements.
Ministerial Decree No. 1481 validating the Regulation on the issuance of licences for land surveys and topographic, geodetic and cartographic activities.
This Ministerial Decree establishes the modalities for issuing licences for land surveys and topographic, geodetic and cartographic activities. Applicants (natural or legal persons) shall submit the following documentation to the licensing authority: (a) application; (b) copy of the registration certificate (for legal person)s; (c) receipt for payment of licensing fee; and (d) qualification certificate.
Repealed by: Ministerial Decree No. 574 validating the Regulation on licensing land surveys and topographic, geodetic and cartographic activities. (2007-07-06)
Ministerial Decree No. 814 validating Veterinary and sanitary regulation.
This Ministerial Decree establishes the modalities of carrying out veterinary and sanitary arrangements in accordance with veterinary norms and standards that are compulsory for all natural and legal persons. Veterinary arrangements shall be intended complex of antiepizootic measures and procedures aimed at protection of animal health, prevention and liquidation of the outbreak of animal diseases. Agricultural animals must be kept clinically healthy and comply with basic physiological indices in accordance with veterinary recommendations and regulations.
Ministerial Decree No. 1172 validating the Regulation on determining and mapping coastlines.
This Ministerial Decree sets forth the modalities for the accurate determination and mapping of the effective position of coastlines. The crossline between the surface of surface waterbodies (seas, lakes, rivers, ponds and water reservoirs) and the surface of dry land shall be established depending upon the determined water edge. Effective position of sea coastline shall be established at the maximum level of high tide and in the absence of such phenomenon in accordance with the surf line.
Ministerial Decree No. 78 validating standard state services in the sphere of phytosanitary security.
This Ministerial Decree validates the following standard state services in the sphere of phytosanitary security: (a) state registration of pesticides (poisonous chemicals); (b) issuance of quarantine certificate for transportation of produce subject to quarantine inspection on the national territory; (c) issuance of quarantine certificate for transportation of produce subject to quarantine inspection outside national territory; and (d) issuance, re-issuance, substitution of licence for processing (formulization) of pesticides (poisonous chemicals), trade of pesticides (poisonous chemicals),