ويضع نُهجاً جديدة التقدم » العالم الآن إلى أن يغير أفكاره عن للنجاح الاقتصادي في المستقبل. والغرض من تقرير حالة الغابات في العالم 2012 ، مثل التقارير التسعة التي سبقته، هو أن يكون بمثابة مرجع لدعم السياسات والبحوث المتعلقة بالغابات. وعلاوة على ذلك، فإنني آمل أن تساعد بعض الأفكار التي يقدمها التقرير في تنشيط النقاش ووضع نُهج مبتكرة تساعد على دفع الاقتصاد العالمي في اتجاه أكثر اخضراراً.
Brazil, China and India have seen
falling poverty in their reform periods, but to varying
degrees and for different reasons. History left China with
favorable initial conditions for rapid poverty reduction
through market-led economic growth; at the outset of the
reform process there were ample distortions to remove and
relatively low inequality in access to the opportunities so
created, though inequality has risen markedly since. By
This paper proposes a parametric
approach to estimating a dynamic binary response panel data
model that allows for endogenous contemporaneous regressors.
This approach is of particular value for settings in which
one wants to estimate the effects of an endogenous treatment
on a binary outcome. The model is next used to examine the
impact of rural-urban migration on the likelihood that
households in rural China fall below the poverty line. In
Besides India, there are a few other countries like Mexico, Spain, Pakistan, Bangladesh and China which also make intensive use of groundwater. This highlight reviews groundwater institutions and policies in these countries, with a special focus on the interlinkages between energy and groundwater. It finds that while there are useful lessons from international experience, none of the other countries offer unmetered electricity to farmers as India does. It is this lack of energy accounting and resistance to metering that is at the heart of the invidious energy-irrigation nexus in India.
This report reviews China's water
scarcity situation, assesses the policy and institutional
requirements for addressing it, and recommends key areas for
strengthening and reform. It is a synthesis of the main
findings and recommendations from analytical work and case
studies prepared under the World Bank Analytical and
Advisory Assistance (AAA) program entitled 'Addressing
China's Water Scarcity: from Analysis to Action.'
En pocas palabras, la escasez de agua tiene lugar cuando la demanda supera el suministro de agua dulce en un área determinada. Escasez de agua = un exceso de demanda de agua para el suministro disponible Esta situación aparece como consecuencia de una elevada demanda agregada por parte de todos los sectores que consumen agua respecto al suministro disponible, bajo las condiciones de infraestructuras y las disposiciones institucionales existentes.
During the past two decades agrarian (‘land and farm’) reforms have been widespread in the transition economies of Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia (EECCA), following earlier ones in Asia (China and Vietnam). However, independent family farms did not become the predominant sector in most of Eastern Europe. A new dual (or bi-modal) agrarian structure emerged, consisting of large farm enterprises (with much less social functions than they had before), and very small peasant farms or subsidiary plots.
To improve the understandings on regional climatic effects of past human-induced land cover changes, the surface albedo changes caused by conversions from natural vegetation to cropland were estimated across northeastern China over the last 300 years, and its climatic effects were simulated by using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. Essential natural vegetation records compiled from historical documents and regional optimal surface albedo dataset were used.
The author applies a systems-oriented "holistic" approach to China's radical economic reforms during the past quarter of a century. He characterizes China's economic reforms in terms of a multidimensional classification of economic systems. When looking at the economic consequences of China's change of economic system, he deals with both the impressive growth performance and its economic costs.
The paper highlights the findings of a study from selected ecosystems in Indonesia, China, and Japan. The study sought to trace changes to productive resources of ecosystems over a period of 50 years; and trace the dependence of well-being of local populations on the ecosystems for the same time period. Data was collected from land-use maps, records, and participatory rapid/rural appraisal (PRA) surveys in multistakeholder forums. To illustrate the changes, an indicator-based assessment framework was developed that integrates data from biophysical and socio-economic parameters.
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