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Ethnic Kazakhs, a mix of Turkic and Mongol nomadic tribes who migrated to the region by the 13th century, were rarely united as a single nation. The area was conquered by Russia in the 18th century, and Kazakhstan became a Soviet Republic in 1936. Soviet policies reduced the number of ethnic Kazakhs in the 1930s and enabled non-ethnic Kazakhs to outnumber natives. During the 1950s and 1960s agricultural "Virgin Lands" program, Soviet citizens were encouraged to help cultivate Kazakhstan's northern pastures. This influx of immigrants (mostly Russians, but also some other deported nationalities) further skewed the ethnic mixture. Non-Muslim ethnic minorities departed Kazakhstan in large numbers from the mid-1990s through the mid-2000s and a national program has repatriated about a million ethnic Kazakhs back to Kazakhstan. These trends have allowed Kazakhs to become the titular majority again. This dramatic demographic shift has also undermined the previous religious diversity and made the country more than 70% Muslim. Kazakhstan's economy is larger than those of all the other Central Asian states largely due to the country's vast natural resources. Current issues include: developing a cohesive national identity, expanding the development of the country's vast energy resources and exporting them to world markets, diversifying the economy, enhancing Kazakhstan's economic competitiveness, and strengthening relations with neighboring states and foreign powers.
Kazakhstan is a presidential republic.
Source: CIA World Factbook
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Displaying 61 - 65 of 69Ministerial Decree No. 993 validating Regulation on soil conservation.
This Ministerial Decree establishes the regulations on conservation of degraded agricultural land and land infected with pests and plant diseases with a view of soil rehabilitation. It shall not be applicable to disturbed land allotted for mining and mineral extraction. Identification and localization of degraded, polluted and disturbed land, and the plots of land infected with pests and plant diseases shall be carried out by the local executive body on request of landowner or land tenant.
Ministerial Decree No. 1269 on urban land use planning.
This Ministerial Decree establishes that urban land use planning shall be carried out in accordance with land zoning schemes. Agricultural land of the suburban areas shall be used for agricultural purposes. Expropriation of agricultural land shall be carried out in exceptional cases by the local executive bodies. Green belt areas shall be classifies as forest land.
Ministerial Decree No. 910 validating Regulation on land of protected areas.
The Ministerial Decree establishes that classification of land as protected area shall be the competence of the Government. Land use planning project with a view of land classification as protected area at the local level shall be submitted for approval to the territorial environmental, agricultural and land institutions. Expropriation of the plots of land destined for the annexation to protected areas shall be carried out in accordance with the land legislation. Land reservation for protected areas shall be carried out in accordance with the decision by the head of local administration.
Ministerial Decree No. 958 on keeping land cadastre.
This Ministerial Decree establishes the modalities of keeping the state land cadastre, land registration and granting access to information thereof. The purpose of keeping the state land cadastre shall be to provide the state institutions, natural and legal persons with general information on land and on particular plots of land. Registration and storage data unit shall be the information on a single detached plot of land. The cadastre shall contain data on landowners and land tenants.
Ministerial Decree No. 1140 on land transactions.
This Ministerial Decree shall be applicable to land auctions regarding sale of the plots of public land or the lease right thereto and regarding the plots of non-allotted public land. Kazakhstan nationals and private legal persons shall be authorized to participate in land auctions prior registration while foreign natural and legal persons, and stateless persons shall be authorized to participate in land auctions exclusively if the aforesaid persons have the right to own or to have the right of lease of the plots of land destined for sale in accordance with land legislation.