Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new ROMANOV Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. Repeated devastating defeats of the Russian army in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the imperial household. The communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the USSR. The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened communist rule and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. After defeating Germany in World War II as part of an alliance with the US (1939-1945), the USSR expanded its territory and influence in Eastern Europe and emerged as a global power. The USSR was the principal adversary of the US during the Cold War (1947-1991). The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the decades following Stalin’s rule, until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism, but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991 splintered the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent republics.
Following economic and political turmoil during President Boris YELTSIN's term (1991-99), Russia shifted toward a centralized authoritarian state under the leadership of President Vladimir PUTIN (2000-2008, 2012-present) in which the regime seeks to legitimize its rule through managed elections, populist appeals, a foreign policy focused on enhancing the country's geopolitical influence, and commodity-based economic growth. Russia faces a largely subdued rebel movement in Chechnya and some other surrounding regions, although violence still occurs throughout the North Caucasus.
Russia is a semi-presidential federation.
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Displaying 1026 - 1030 of 1046Joint Regulation of the Ministry of Environmental Protection and the Federal Committee on Land Resources and Land Survey regarding the modalities of issuing licences for the exposure of degraded and contaminated soil.
In accordance with this Regulation the licensed activity is sub-divided in two groups: a) inspection of agricultural land for the purpose of the exposure of the eroded, saline, swamped soils; desertified soils, sedimentary soils, as a result of mining, reindeer pastures with the soil and vegetation damaged; b) soils contaminated by industrial waste and nuclear substances. The Regulation consists of 4 Sections. Section 1 lays down the general provisions. Section 2 establishes the modalities of issuing licences. Section 3 determines the rights and the duties of the holders of licence.
Regulation No. 61 of 1993 of the State Committee of Sanitary and Epidemiological Survey regarding the civil liability of the public officials, physical and juridical persons for the infringement of sanitary requirements.
This Regulation regards pecuniary penalties for the infringement of the sanitary requirements in the field of environmental, food, water and land legislation. The fines may be of 3 types: 1). a fixed sum, 2). total monthly income multiplied by regarded number of times, 3). minimum monthly salary multiplied by regarded number of times.
Implements: Law No. 2060-1 of the RSFSR on Environmental Protection. (1991-12-19)
Presidential Decree No. 2144 regarding federal natural resources.
The President decrees, in accordance with the legislation currently in force, to introduce the differentiation of the state property on natural resources by designation of federal natural resources. Federal natural resources include land, water, forest, subsoil, wildlife species and plant variety of national importance.
Implemented by: Presidential Decree No.1470 of 1994 regarding natural resources of the sea-coast of the Black sea and the Sea of Azov. (1996-03-01)
Order No. GB-3-04/291 of the State Treasury regarding amendments and additions No. 5 to the Regulation of the State Treasury No. 29 of 1995 concerning the application of the Law "On royalties for the use of land".
The State Treasury validates amendments and additions No. 5 to the Regulation of the State Treasury No. 29 of 1995 regarding the application of the Law "On royalties for the use of land". This document has been previously approved by the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation and by the State Land Committee. Paragraph 42 acquires a new wording that reads as follows: "In case of non-payment of land tax by a specified date is imposed a fine established by the Federal Law".
Order No. 2 of 1995 of the State Treasury regarding amendments and additions to the Regulation of the State Treasury No. 29 of 1995 concerning the application of the Law "On royalties for the use of land".
This Order regards Articles 5 and 26 of the Law "On royalties for the use of land". Paragraph 5, point 4 acquires a new wording. It reads as follows: "Ministerial Decree No. 1108 of 1993 regarding specially authorized bodies of wildlife protection and regulation establishes that the Ministry of Agriculture (the Department on protection and rational use of the wildlife species and its territorial branches) and other specially authorized bodies represent specially authorized bodies of wildlife protection and regulation".