Climate services are important in helping smallholder farmers manage climate-related risks and adapt to climate change, especially for rainfed agricultural production systems. In order to increase the resilience of farmers to the changing climate in Rwanda, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) funded a four-year project—Rwanda Climate Services for Agriculture (RCSA) from 2016 to 2019.

Participatory rangeland management (PRM) is an innovation developed by ILRI and partners in Ethiopia. USAID is investing USD$30 million in scaling up PRM through its Resilience in Pastoral Areas project.

In general, government agricultural extension services were low or inadequate in many communities. Farmers reported not having adequate information on sound farm management practices and when they do come, they come in late. The gendered differences on access to information were also evident. Most people who access extension services were men with bigger cocoa farms. Women and youth receive less extension services which was attributed to their poor resource base.

The Programme for Climate-Smart Livestock Systems (PCSL) is an initiative designed to enable key actors in the livestock sector to increasingly include climate change adaptation and mitigation in their farming practices, sector strategies and investment projects. PCSL is financed by GIZ and commissioned by the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany. GIZ has commissioned the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) and the World Bank to implement the programme activities. ILRI’s programme activities are based in Kenya, Ethiopia and Uganda.

Adoption of smart-valley increased from 110 ha in 2012 to 474 ha in 2014. Recent evidence show the approach has reached 45,000 ha in Nigeria. In 2019, the total area increased to 1030.94 hectares in Benin and Togo and adopted by 6110 farmers. In Sierra Leone, the total area tracked was 179.3 hectares and adopted by 460 rice farmers. Results show that the impact of the smart-valley on the rice income is 439.65 US$/ha in Sierra Leone & Liberia

Contamination of key staples with aflatoxins compromises the quality of food and feed, impedes trade, and negatively affects the health of consumers whereas acute exposure can be fatal.

CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions and Markets. 2020. Annual Report 2019. CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions and Markets: Washington DC, USA

Participatory rangeland management (PRM) was developed by ILRI and partners in Ethiopia, piloted and then upscaled. PRM improves the productivity of rangelands and access to resources for local rangelands users (communities). In 2018, the European Union invested Euro 1.5 million in the Piloting of PRM Project in Baringo County, Kenya and six shared grazing lands in Tanzania (targeting 450,000 pastoralists and agropastoralists). In 2020/21 PRM is being upscaled through a USD 30 million investment on 8.8 million hectares in Ethiopia.

Extensive areas of Africa's humid tropical lowland forests have been allocated to timber concessions, but are also inhabited by villagers who obtain resources from the forest. Approximately 61% of timber species in the Congo Basin also yield locally used non-timber forest products (NTFP). Among these are fruits and oil from Moabi (Baillonella toxisperma), and edible caterpillars from Sapelli (Entandrophragma cylindricum), and Tali (Erythrophleum suaveolens).