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Countries
Madagascar is the fourth largest island in the world (587,295 km2) located in the Indian Ocean, some 400 km off the coast of Mozambique. The Republic of Madagascar comprises the main island and a number of small islands and is divided into six provinces and 22 administrative regions. In 2019 it had a population of some 25.68 million people with a low population density of 42.8 inhabitants per km2. 80.5% of the population live in the rural areas while 19.5% (5 million people) live in cities, of whom 2.58 million people live in major urban centres and 2.42 million in secondary urban centres.
The Republic of Uzbekistan is a doubly landlocked country. It is completely surrounded by other landlocked countries, namely Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Afghanistan and Turkmenistan. 80% of land consists of plains, deserts and lowland areas, primarily found in the west. Mountains and foothills comprise the rest of the country in the south and south-east. The total land area is 447,400km2. Since 2019, there are over 33.5 million people, representing around 45% of the total population in Central Asia. The majority of these people are Uzbek (over 80%), and there are also significant numbers of Russians, Tajiks, Kazaks, Karakalpaks (an autonomous republic within the country) and Tatars. Uzbekistan is formally a secular state.
Issues
With secure land tenure, Indigenous Peoples and local communities can realize human rights, achieve economic growth, protect the environment, and maintain cultural integrity. For centuries, Indigenous Peoples and local communities (IPLCs) have used, managed and depended on collectively-held land for food supplies, cultural and spiritual traditions, and other livelihood needs. Historically governed through customary tenure systems rooted in community norms and practices that often go back centuries, governments often consider such community land as vacant, idle, or state-owned property. Statutory recognition and protection of indigenous and community land rights continues to be a major challenge.
Learn more about challenges concerning Indigenous & Community Land Rights.
Post-conflict situations remain strained for years and can easily relapse into violence during the first two decades. During this social, political, and economic transition phase, post-conflict countries are especially fragile and vulnerable. Increasingly acknowledged as a key driver or root cause for conflict, land is as much a critical relapse factor as it is a bottleneck to recovery [1]. In the aftermath of war, access to and control of land and natural resources often remains a sensitive issue for years which may precipitate tensions and challenge stability. At the same time, resolving land-related issues is significant to achieve sustainable and durable peace. Yet, it is just one item on a long list of issues that need to be addressed in post-conflict periods next to reconciliation and transitional justice processes, establishing security and a functioning state, economic recovery, and the rebuilding of social cohesion [2].
Learn more about land-related issues in post-conflict settings...



















