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Countries
Madagascar is the fourth largest island in the world (587,295 km2) located in the Indian Ocean, some 400 km off the coast of Mozambique. The Republic of Madagascar comprises the main island and a number of small islands and is divided into six provinces and 22 administrative regions. In 2019 it had a population of some 25.68 million people with a low population density of 42.8 inhabitants per km2. 80.5% of the population live in the rural areas while 19.5% (5 million people) live in cities, of whom 2.58 million people live in major urban centres and 2.42 million in secondary urban centres.
The Republic of Uzbekistan is a doubly landlocked country. It is completely surrounded by other landlocked countries, namely Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Afghanistan and Turkmenistan. 80% of land consists of plains, deserts and lowland areas, primarily found in the west. Mountains and foothills comprise the rest of the country in the south and south-east. The total land area is 447,400km2. Since 2019, there are over 33.5 million people, representing around 45% of the total population in Central Asia. The majority of these people are Uzbek (over 80%), and there are also significant numbers of Russians, Tajiks, Kazaks, Karakalpaks (an autonomous republic within the country) and Tatars. Uzbekistan is formally a secular state.
Issues
Conflict is a major cause and, in some cases, result of humanitarian crises. Conflict frequently overlaps with underlying social inequalities, poverty and high levels of vulnerability. Conflicts are direct threats to food security as they cause massive loss of life and therefore loss of workforce (which is particularly important, as agriculture tends to rely heavily on human labour), loss of vital livestock, and loss of land. Conflicts displace millions of people each year, often forcing them to flee with nothing and making them extremely reliant on the communities that offer them shelter and humanitarian aid. This can place unsustainable pressure on hosting communities that often face high levels of food insecurity and struggle to make ends meet.
With the expansion of cities and urban infrastructure comes a growing need to better understand the relationship between people and land in urban and peri-urban areas.



















