ABSTRACTED FROM THE OBJECTIVES SECTION: These Voluntary Guidelines seek to improve governance of tenure of land*, fisheries and forests. They seek to do so for the benefit of all, with an emphasis on vulnerable and marginalized people, with the goals of food security and progressive realization of the right to adequate food, poverty eradication, sustainable livelihoods, social stability, housing security, rural development, environmental protection and sustainable social and economic development.

Wars and their aftermaths frequently transform land use and ownership, reshaping 'post-conflict' landscapes through new boundaries, population movements, land reforms and conditions of access. Within a global context of controversial land concessions and farmland acquisitions, we bring to light the continued salience of historical memories of war in the ways land conflicts are being negotiated in Laos.

Urban land markets have a profound effect on how well poor households are able to access the jobs, amenities and services offered in the city. But often the way in which this market works frustrate attempts to open up better located living and business opportunities for poorer urban households and communities, despite government policies and programmes intended to address these challenges. The challenge in South Africa is even larger because of worsening poverty and inequality, and the continuing growth of cities through urbanisation.

The economies of many countries such as the Gulf and Southern African States are to a considerable extent sustained by financial flows from extraction of mineral resources and fossil fuels. The discovery of such fortunes, in sufficiently viable quantities, can be a significant national blessing for effectively addressing development challenges. However, experience in other countries has shown that financial resources obtainable from mineral and fossil fuel extraction – the Extractive Industry, have not always assisted economic and social development.

 This paper explores the development of a pilot PES scheme in the Tarangire ecosystem of Tanzania in response to specifi c wildlife declines and policy constraints. It charts the development of this initiative from its genesis based on PES experiences in Kenya. This paper specifi cally explores the questions of whether the utilization of free-market enterprise tools to achieve conservation goals infl uences Maasai livelihood diversifi cation in ways that are compatible with conservation.

This case study is part of a Harvard Kennedy School CSR Initiative workstream on systemic approaches to creating business opportunity and development impact at scale. An initial framing paper, “Tackling Barriersto Scale: From Inclusive Business Modelsto Inclusive Business Ecosystems,” was published in September 2011. This document is one of several in-depth case studies subsequently conducted to generate knowledge and provide practical guidance on what such systemic approaches look like and how to structure and implement them.

The constitution of Kenya , 2010

Sessional Paper No.3 of 2009 on the National Land Policy

Most women in Zambia do not enjoy the same land rights as men. Zambia’s Lands Act provides support for women who hold statutory land, but the law does not apply to customary land. Most land is held under custom and most customary tenure systems do not provide women with significant land rights — even when they do, traditional institutions often do not effectively implement the rules.

This report presents experiences discussed at a workshop on the use of collaborative business models in agricultural investments, which aimed to facilitate the exchange of experiences and lesson and to generate lessons from local initiatives to be fed into international processes. The focus was on agriculture defined broadly to include agri-food, biofuels, timber plantations and other agricultural commodities. Experience from other sectors, such as tourism, was included to the extent that they provided insights for agricultural investments.

Desde 1999 que governos estrangeiros deram um grande apoio financeiro e político à construção da fundição de alumínio da Mozal em Moçambique. Metade dos custos de construção da Mozal vieram diretamente, ou foram garantidos por instituições públicas. Em troca, estas e os investidores privados têm recebido grandes retornos em lucros e juros. O governo de Moçambique, em contrapartida, tem ganho muito pouco. Por cada $1i pago pela fundição ao governo de Moçambique, estima-se que $21 deixem o país em lucros ou juros para governos e investidores estrangeiros.

Mozambique has attracted two of the world’s largest mining companies – Brazil’s Companhia Vale do Rio Doce (Vale) and the Anglo-Australian multinational Rio Tinto – to extract coal from the huge fields in Tete province. In 2010, Vale and Rio Tinto were the second and third most valuable mining companies on earth – worth US$169 and US$83 billion respectively.

THE NEW LAND ACTS Pursuant to the Constitution of Kenya, three Acts of Parliament have been enacted and came into force on 2nd May, 2012:  Land Act, 2012  Land Registration Act, 2012  National Land Commission Act, 2012 THE REPEALED ACTS The following Acts have been repealed:  The Indian Transfer of Property Act, 1882  The Government Lands Act  The Registration of Titles Act  The Land Titles Act  The Registered Land Act  The Wayleaves Act; and  The Land Acquisition Act