Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new ROMANOV Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. Repeated devastating defeats of the Russian army in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the imperial household. The communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the USSR. The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened communist rule and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. After defeating Germany in World War II as part of an alliance with the US (1939-1945), the USSR expanded its territory and influence in Eastern Europe and emerged as a global power. The USSR was the principal adversary of the US during the Cold War (1947-1991). The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the decades following Stalin’s rule, until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism, but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991 splintered the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent republics.
Following economic and political turmoil during President Boris YELTSIN's term (1991-99), Russia shifted toward a centralized authoritarian state under the leadership of President Vladimir PUTIN (2000-2008, 2012-present) in which the regime seeks to legitimize its rule through managed elections, populist appeals, a foreign policy focused on enhancing the country's geopolitical influence, and commodity-based economic growth. Russia faces a largely subdued rebel movement in Chechnya and some other surrounding regions, although violence still occurs throughout the North Caucasus.
Russia is a semi-presidential federation.
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Displaying 621 - 625 of 1046Regional Law No. 1877-OZ amending Regional Law No. 1005-OZ “On allotment of land plots free of charge to citizens”.
Article 3 shall be amended to add the following wording: “Citizen interested in allotment of land plots free of charge shall submit to the competent regional executive body written application on allotment in ownership of land plots free of charge containing indication of land area, place of location and intended use”.
Amends: Regional Law No. 1005-OZ “On allotment of land plots free of charge to citizens”. (2008-06-06)
Regional Law No. 12 “On protected areas”.
This Regional Law regulates relations in the sphere of organization, conservation, protection and management of protected areas with a view of conservation of unique ecosystems and typical natural complexes, natural landscapes and other natural objects, wild fauna and wild flora, genetic fund thereof, study of natural processes in the biosphere and control over change of state thereof, and also for the purpose of ecological education of the population.
Regional Law No. 58-ZSO amending Regional Law No. 23-ZSO on land.
Article 2 shall be amended to add the following wording: “Regional Government shall have the competence in determination responsible for management and governance of regional public land and also of plots of land pertaining to federal property administered by the regional administration due to transferred plenary powers by the Russian Federation”.
Amends: Regional Law No. 23-ZSO on land. (2004-05-21)
Regional Law No. 170-OZ amending Regional Law No. 34-OZ “On land-use planning”.
Article 3 shall be amended to add the following wording: “Land-use planning scheme must contain annexes with substantiation thereof expressed in text and in graphic mapping form”.
Amends: Regional Law No. 34-OZ “On land-use planning”. (2008-06-07)
Federal Law No.212-FZ “On basic principles of public control in the Russian Federation”.
This Federal Law establishes legal grounds for organization and realization of public control over the functioning of state bodies, local government, public and municipal entities, other bodies and organizations performing some public functions in accordance with the federal laws. Citizens of the Russian Federation shall have the right to participate in public control either personally or as members of social associations and other non-government entities.