Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new ROMANOV Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. Repeated devastating defeats of the Russian army in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the imperial household. The communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the USSR. The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened communist rule and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. After defeating Germany in World War II as part of an alliance with the US (1939-1945), the USSR expanded its territory and influence in Eastern Europe and emerged as a global power. The USSR was the principal adversary of the US during the Cold War (1947-1991). The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the decades following Stalin’s rule, until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism, but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991 splintered the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent republics.
Following economic and political turmoil during President Boris YELTSIN's term (1991-99), Russia shifted toward a centralized authoritarian state under the leadership of President Vladimir PUTIN (2000-2008, 2012-present) in which the regime seeks to legitimize its rule through managed elections, populist appeals, a foreign policy focused on enhancing the country's geopolitical influence, and commodity-based economic growth. Russia faces a largely subdued rebel movement in Chechnya and some other surrounding regions, although violence still occurs throughout the North Caucasus.
Russia is a semi-presidential federation.
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Displaying 721 - 725 of 1046Regional Law No. 224-z “On objects of cultural heritage”.
This Regional Law regulates relations originating the sphere of conservation, management, promotion and state protection of the objects of cultural heritage of the regional and local significance. Objects of cultural heritage shall be considered elements of land-use planning, landscape, gardens, parks and urban forests. State protection of the objects of cultural heritage shall include identification, registration, conservation and prevention of damages to the objects of cultural heritage.
Regional Law No. 68-z "On allocation free of charge in ownership to legal persons of plots of land pertaining to state or municipal property".
This Regional Law regulates the issues of allocation free of charge in ownership to legal persons of plots of land pertaining to state or municipal property. It shall be applicable to plots of land with non-delimited plenary powers and jurisdiction that can be disposed of by local government and also to plots of land pertaining to municipal property. The aforesaid plots of land can be allocated for collective housing construction.
Regional Law No. 9-RZ “On slide areas”.
This Regional Law establishes legal status of slide areas, establishes boundaries of land areas where slide processes could originate. Slide processes shall be intended movement of rockslide under the impact of gravitation forces. A special conservation, maintenance and land-use planning regime shall be applicable to each slide area. Validated boundaries of slide areas shall be recorded in state land cadastre.
Regional Law No. 50-RZ “On regulation of land relations”.
This Regional Law regulates the issues of land tenure and protection of land, land-related property and ownership relations, management and disposal of land. Objects of land relations shall be as follows: (a) land as natural object and natural resource; (b) land plots; and (c) land shares and part of land plots. Regional land shall be classified in the following categories: (a) agricultural land; (b) urban land; (c) industrial, energy, transport and defence land; (d) protected areas; (e) forestland; (f) land or waterbodies; and (g) reserve land.
Regional Law No. 11-RZ "On protection of urban forests".
This Regional Law regulates relations in the sphere of protection, management and reproduction of urban forests with a view of creation of favourable environment for the population. The role of urban forests shall be as follows: (a) recreational, ecological, aesthetic, sanitary and other protection functions; (b) tourism and sport. In case of planning of economic activities on areas under urban forests reforestation and forest conservation arrangements shall be envisaged.