[1] National Office of Statistics and Information (2022). Anuario Estadístico de Cuba 2022. Republic of Cuba.
[2] National Bureau of Statistics and Information (2012). Population and Housing Census 2012. Report on preliminary figures. Republic of Cuba.
[3] Aja Díaz, A. (2021). "Política de Población. Experiences from Cuba". Revista Novedades en Población. 17(33); Albizu-Campos Espiñeira, J. C. and Díaz-Briquets, S. (2023). "Cuba and emigration. Departure as a voice". Columbia Law School; Amerise, A. (2022). "Why Cuba's population has not exceeded 11 million for 25 years (and what the consequences are)". BBC Mundo.
[4] Mesa-Lago, C. (2020). Cuba: economic crisis, its causes, COVID-19 and rescue policies. Real Instituto El Cano.
[5] Echevarría, D. and Merlet, M. (2017). "Changes in Cuba's agrarian policy in the framework of the updating of its economic and social model". Cahiers d'Amérique Latine 84.
[6] Nova González, A. (2008). "El sector agropecuario en Cuba". Nueva Sociedad 216.
[7] Infobae. (2023). "El régimen cubano admitió la grave crisis económica que atravesa la isla debido a la escasez de alimentos y combustible"; Ministerio de Economía y Planificación.
[8] Niederstrasser, R. (2023). "New expropriation law in Cuba claims 'state interest'". Foreign Affairs Latin America.
[9] Echevarría, D. and Merlet, M. (2017). "Changes in Cuba's agrarian policy in the framework of the updating of its economic and social model". Cahiers d'Amérique Latine 84.
[10] Ibid.
[11] Ibid.
[12] Political Constitution of the Republic of Cuba (1976).
[13] Constitution of the Republic of Cuba (2019).
[14] Decree Law 259 on the delivery of idle land in usufruct (2008). [15] Ibid.
[16] Decree Law 300 on the handing over of idle state land in usufruct (2012).
[17] Decree Law 311 on the handing over of idle state land in usufruct (2013).
[18] Guerrero, D. (2017). "Cuba modifies policy for handing over land in usufruct". Cuba Debate.
[19] Decree Law 358 on the handing over of idle state land in usufruct (2018).
[20] Cuba 2021 National Voluntary Report. Sustainable Development Goals. United Nations.
[21] Constitution of the Republic of Cuba (2019).
[22] Decree Law 365 on Agricultural Cooperatives (2018).
[23] González, A. M. and Artiles Beltrán, J. L. (2016). "Agricultural credit and service cooperatives in Cuba". Civilizar Ciencias Sociales y Humanas 16(30).
[24] Ibid.
[25] Decree Law 365 on Agricultural Cooperatives (2018).
[26] Echevarría, D. and Merlet, M. (2017). "Changes in Cuba's agrarian policy in the framework of the updating of its economic and social model". Cahiers d'Amérique Latine 84.
[27] Ibid.
[28] Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment (2020). First Biennial Update Report to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 2020.
[29] Cuba 2021 National Voluntary Report. Sustainable Development Goals. United Nations.
[30] Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment (2020). First Biennial Update Report to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 2020.
[31] Cuba 2021 National Voluntary Report. Sustainable Development Goals. United Nations.
[32] Anaya Cruz, B. and García, A. (2023). "Necessary reflections on food security in Cuba". International Journal of Cuban Studies 15(1).
[33] Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment (2020). First Biennial Update Report to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 2020.
[34] Cuba 2021 National Voluntary Report. Sustainable Development Goals. United Nations.
[35] Ibid.
[36] Alonso Falcón, R. (2022). "What does the new legislation stipulate on the conservation, improvement and sustainable management of soils and the use of fertilisers?" Cuba Debate.
[37] Ibid.
[38] Blog Agricultura (2020). Cuba's most important agricultural crops / It was not possible to access the Anuario Estadístico de Cuba for official information.
[39] Ibid.
[40] Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment (2020). First Biennial Update Report to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 2020.
[41] Tamayo León, R. (2022). Cuban cattle farming has a great history and also the capacity to recover. Presidency and Government of Cuba.
[42] Sifonte Díaz, Y. J. and Carmona Tamayo, E. (2023). "Se busca: Relatos sobre el hurto y sacrificio del Ganado en Cuba (III)". CubaDebate. The above articles have figures from all over the country
[43] Cuba Debate (2014). "More than one and a half million hectares have been handed over in usufruct in Cuba (+ Gaceta)".
[44] Echevarría, D. and Merlet, M. (2017). "Changes in Cuba's agrarian policy in the framework of the updating of its economic and social model". Cahiers d'Amérique Latine 84.
[45] Ibid.
[46] Cuba Debate (2014). "More than one million hectares are idle in Cuba.
[47] Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment (2020). First Biennial Update Report to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 2020.
[48] Ibid.
[49] Index Mundi. Cuba - Protected areas.
[50] CubAhora (2019). Cuba's protected areas in figures.
[51] EcuRed. Protected areas of Cuba.
[52] World Bank. Urban land area (square kilometres) - Cuba / It was not possible to access the Anuario Estadístico de Cuba for official information.
[53] Núñez, R., Brown, J. and Smolka, M. (2000). Land as a resource to promote development in Cuba. Lincoln Institute of Land Policy.
[54] Ibid.
[55] Ibid.
[56] Ibid.
[57] World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). 145 Key Tourism Statistics.
[58] Ibid.
[59] Salinas Chávez, E., Salinas Chávez, E. and Mundet i Cerdan, L. (2019). "Tourism in Cuba: Development, Challenges and Perspectives". Rosa dos Ventos 11(1). Universidade de Caxias do Sul.
[60] Ibid.
[61] Ministry of Economy and Planning (2023). Agriculture has more than 30 projects with foreign investment.
[62] Cruz, R. (2022). "No land market, no food market in Cuba". Diario de Cuba.
[63] El Toque (2023). "Russian investments in Cuba: business and agreements since 2020".
[64] Cuba 2021 National Voluntary Report. Sustainable Development Goals. United Nations.
[65] Ibid.
[66] Permanent Mission of Cuba to the United Nations (2019). Note to the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women).
[67] Cuba 2021 National Voluntary Report. Sustainable Development Goals. United Nations.
[68] Arce-Rodríguez, M. B. (2012). "Women in Cuban agriculture: recovering an experience". Ra Ximhai 8(1).
[69] Permanent Mission of Cuba to the United Nations (2019). Note to the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women).
[70] IGECSA Gender Equality for Quality Food Security Management: Guidance for Implementation (2014).
[71] García Aguilar, M., Bombino Companioni, Y., Anaya Cruz, B. and Echevarría León, D. (2021). Condition and position of rural women in Cuba.
[72] Permanent Mission of Cuba to the United Nations (2019). Note to the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women).
[73] Contribution of the Cuban Association of Animal Production (ACPA) to the Report of Cuba to the Committee on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, CEDAW.
[74] Castañeda Pérez, I. (2007). Aproximación al Estudio de la Equidad de Género en la ANAP: Premisas para un Diagnóstico. Master's thesis. FLACSO. University of Havana.
[75] Arce-Rodríguez, M. B. (2012). "Women in Cuban agriculture: recovering an experience". Ra Ximhai 8(1).
[76] Ibid.
[77] Ibid.
[78] Ibid.
[79] Permanent Mission of Cuba to the United Nations (2019). Note to the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women).
[80] Ibid.
[81] García-Ruiz, J. G. (2022). "La renta del suelo en Cuba. The appropriation of the agricultural economic surplus". Estudios del Desarrollo Social 10(2).
[82] IGECSA Gender Equality for Quality Food Security Management: Guidance for Implementation (2014).
[83] Ramos Ojeda, D. et. al. (2021). Policy scenarios and economic inequalities in rural women in Cuba. Friedrich Ebert Stiftung.
[84] García Aguilar, M., Bombino Companioni, Y., Anaya Cruz, B. and Echevarría León, D. (2021). Condition and position of rural women in Cuba.
[85] Cuba 2021 National Voluntary Report. Sustainable Development Goals. United Nations.
[86] Echevarría, D. and Merlet, M. (2017). "Changes in Cuba's agrarian policy in the framework of the updating of its economic and social model". Cahiers d'Amérique Latine 84.