Under the Kyoto Protocol, industrial
countries accept caps on their emissions of greenhouse
gases. They are permitted to acquire offsetting emissions
reductions from developing countries - which do not have
emissions limitations - to assist in complying with these
caps. Because these emissions reductions are defined against
a hypothetical baseline, practical issues arise in ensuring
that the reductions are genuine. Forestry-related emissions

The Country Opinion Survey for FY2013 in Namibia assists the World Bank Group (WBG) in gaining a better understanding of how stakeholders in Namibia perceive the WBG.

CIFOR Infobrief no. 77

Like other regions of the world, Africa
is beginning to experience the impacts of human-induced
climate change. These observed changes in climate parameters
have not occurred uniformly across Africa. Mitigation is
concerned with reducing the level of greenhouse gas
emissions in the Earth's atmosphere that are the
principal causes of climate change. Adaptation is concerned
not with prevention but, in the words of the

This paper aims to inform Armenia's
policy dialogue on environmental and social issues in the
mining sector. The paper is based on the premise that for
the mining sector to have positive, long-term impacts in
Armenia, it is necessary to take into consideration the
short- and long-term environmental and social impacts of the
sector and to promote strategic planning and efficient
management of natural resources. The mining sector in

The urgent need to limit anthropogenic
carbon emissions has led to a global initiative to Reduce
Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+).
But designing national architectures for REDD+ that
integrate local actions on forests with national-level
outcomes and do so effectively, efficiently, and equitably
continues to be challenging. One option to facilitate the
design and implementation of REDD+ is to learn from the

Pakistan's urban air pollution is
among the most severe in the world and it engenders
significant damages to human health and the economy. Air
pollution, inadequate water supply, sanitation, and hygiene
are the top environmental priority problems in Pakistan.
Industrialization and urbanization, in conjunction with
motorization, can result in further deterioration of urban
air quality. This book examines policy options to strengthen

The Country Opinion Survey for FY2013 in Botswana assists the World Bank Group (WBG) in gaining a better understanding of how stakeholders in Botswana perceive the WBG.

This working paper provides a bottom-up
estimate of energy use and Green-House Gas (GHG) emissions
for the transport sector based on data available at the city
and municipal levels. For urban transport in China, GHG
emissions primarily consist of carbon dioxide (CO2), so
these terms are used interchangeably. Energy use and CO2
emissions are also highly correlated based on the
predominance of fossil fuels in transport. A database of

The World Bank's revised forest
policy came into being in 2002 and covers all types of
forests. It has the following key objectives: (i) harnessing
the potential of forests to reduce poverty in a sustainable
manner; (ii) integrating forests effectively into
sustainable development; and (iii) protecting vital local
and global environmental services and values. The policy
enables the bank to fully engage in forestry throughout the

The World Bank's revised forest
policy came into being in 2002 and covers all types of
forests. It has the following key objectives: (i) harnessing
the potential of forests to reduce poverty in a sustainable
manner; (ii) integrating forests effectively into
sustainable development; and (iii) protecting vital local
and global environmental services and values. The policy
enables the bank to fully engage in forestry throughout the

The World Bank's revised forest
policy came into being in 2002 and covers all types of
forests. It has the following key objectives: (i) harnessing
the potential of forests to reduce poverty in a sustainable
manner; (ii) integrating forests effectively into
sustainable development; and (iii) protecting vital local
and global environmental services and values. The policy
enables the bank to fully engage in forestry throughout the