Over the last decade in India, farmer producer organizations (FPOs) have emerged as a means of collectivizing smallholder farmers and providing them access to extension, innovation, and market services.

Partnerships are widely applied to improve smallholder inclusivity in the value chain. The results are not always as expected. This study was conducted to analyze the factors influencing smallholder inclusivity. Oil palm smallholders were chosen, considering that palm oil is the largest agribusiness in Indonesia, and more than 40% of the total land area belongs to smallholders.

With the acknowledgment of climate change as a key development concern, the concept of climate resilience to combat its impacts has gained research and policy impetus. Further, there has been a growing emphasis on gender in climate resilience, given that women are documented as experiencing greater vulnerabilities and adaptation challenges.

Agriculture and livestock represent the main incomegenerating activity for women and youth in the rural areas of Mali. It is expected that climate change will lead to a reduction in food production due to changes in rainfall patterns and temperature in Africa (Awojobi and Tetteh, 2017), and Mali is facing the same challenges.

This paper draws implications for understanding the link between empowerment and resilience among rural and smallholder agricultural communities in developing contexts.

The combined effects of climate change, COVID-19 and rising prices shape vulnerabilities of rural communities, differentiated by gender, livelihood, asset ownership (including land and livestock), and type of social protection received.

As climate change intensifies, its negative impacts on agriculture and food systems are also accelerating, particularly affecting the smallholder vulnerable farmers, the majority of whom are women in developing countries. Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) is designed to contribute to productivity enhancement, and support adaptation and mitigation to build resilience of farmers.

Climate change has emerged as a challenge that has risen up the global development agenda, with anticipated adverse impacts on agricultural production and food security. Furthermore its disproportionate impacts on women, contributing to increased work burden and adaptation challenges, have been documented extensively.

A large amount of literature has now proven that zero tillage (ZT) as a part of Conservation Agriculture-based Sustainable Intensification (CASI) practices has the potential to help smallholder farmers in the Eastern Gangetic Plains (EGP) of South Asia transition to more productive, profitable, and sustainable production systems.

The last decade has seen growing commitment to tackling gender inequalities in agriculture. The formulation of gender-responsive agricultural policies is central for ensuring that the vision, priorities, and implementation strategies that are set nationally for the sector take due account of the genderdifferentiated needs and constraints of men and women.

Agrarian resilience consists of diverse mechanisms that support groups to respond to changes in agriculture. Women’s participation in diversified livelihoods is considered to accelerate growth, reduce poverty and augment resilience.