The Republic of Kazakhstan proclaims itself a democratic, secular, legal and social state whose highest values are an individual, his life, rights and freedoms (Article 1). Human rights and freedoms in the Republic of Kazakhstan shall be recognized and guaranteed in accordance with this Constitution (Article 11). The Republic of Kazakhstan shall recognize and by the same token protect state and private property. The land and underground resources, waters, flora and fauna, other natural resources shall be owned by the state.

The territory of the state of Georgia shall be determined as of 21 December 1991. The territorial integrity of Georgia and the inviolability of the state frontiers, being recognised by the world community of nations and international organisations, shall be confirmed by the Constitution and laws of Georgia (Article 2).

Why do some people receive higher incomes than others with similar talents and abilities? And why do certain sources of income, such as income from farm labor and income from growing sugarcane, go to different people? What steps can be taken to reduce the wide differences in income earned, so that the number of people living below the poverty line can be reduced? What roles do education and the migration of household members play in lifting people out of poverty and in improving income distribution?

This paper presents new evidence on the association between gender and poverty based on an empirical analysis of 11 data sets from 10 developing countries. The paper computes income- and expenditure-based poverty measures and investigates their sensitivity to the use of per capita and per adult equivalent units. It also tests for differences in poverty incidence between individuals in male- and female-headed households using stochastic dominance analysis.

A food demand system is proposed, based on demand for energy, variety, and tastes of foods. By specifying utility as an explicit function of these characteristics, the entire matrix of demand elasticities can be derived for n foods and one nonfood from prior specification of just four elasticities, while avoiding any assumption of separability between foods. This framework can explain why poorest groups often are most price-responsive, but also can account for highest price-responsiveness by middle income groups.

Agricultural growth in Thailand from the Second World War until about 1980 was dominated by a massive expansion in the land area under cultivation. During this period Thailand was probably the only country in Asia that saw an expansion in cultivated land per agricultural worker (figure 5.1). The availability of land allowed agriculture to continue to absorb large amounts of labor, with the consequence that Thailand still has a larger proportion of its labor force in agriculture than other Asian countries at similar income levels (figure 5.2).1

This paper seeks to understand how market imperfections affect the behavior of consumers in China's rural economy. A theoretical and empirical model is developed and estimated using a household-level data from six counties in Hebei Province. The results show that market development plays an important role in explaining food consumption behavior in China. As the market develops, farmers demand less grain and vegetables and consume more meat, fruit, and other food products after control for income and price effects.

To provide for the restitution of rights in land to persons or communities dispossessed of such rights after 19 June 1913 as a result of past racially discriminatory laws or practices; to establish a Commission on Restitution of Land
Rights and a Land Claims Court; and to provide for matters connected therewith.
[Long title substituted by s. 31 of Act 63/97]

The Constitution has the highest legal power, direct application (Article 10) and supremacy on the whole territory of Tajikistan. The Constitution proclaims the establishment of a democratic, legal, secular and unitary State (Article 1), where the State power is based on the principle of separation of powers (Article 9).