The 28th Conference of Parties (COP28) of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was held in Dubai, UAE from 30th November to 12th December. The Livestock and Climate Initiative of One CGIAR participated in a multitude of side events to moving livestock and climate up the agenda both in terms of mitigating the impact of livestock on the climate and supporting livestock farmers to adapt to climate change.

Small ruminant community-based breeding refers to a breeding program managed and implemented by business-oriented livestock keepers, aiming to improve the genetic potential of their small ruminant populations. The community-based breeding program is well suited for intensive market-oriented farming and requires a small breeding flock. According to the Central Statistical Agency, Ethiopia's total sheep and goat population is estimated at 95.4 million, where 42.9 million are sheep and the remaining 52.5 million are goats (CSA, 2021).

Smallholder farmers in northeastern Nigeria face the triple threat of food insecurity, climate volatility, and conflict. Northeastern Nigeria has some of the highest levels of food insecurity in Nigeria. Additionally, delayed, shorter, and more volatile rainy seasons have led to massive floods, depleted soil quality, and disrupted agricultural growing seasons which ultimately constrain agricultural productivity.

Smallholder farmers in low- and middle-income countries have limited access to finance, due to the pau city of banks and other financial institutions in rural areas. As a result, banks and other formal financial institutions tend not to know much about farming as a business, and therefore they hesitate to extend credit to farmers. Such reluctance is often attributed to the elevated costs and risks linked with small, geographically dispersed farms, as well as the farmers' lack of collateral.

Silvopastoral systems, integrating tree cultivation with livestock grazing, offer sustainable agricultural practices with environmental benefits. This study explores the vital role of Ziziphus species in Tunisian silvopastoral systems, emphasizing their ecological, economic, and cultural significance. The genus, comprising Ziziphus lotus, Ziziphus spina-christi, and Ziziphus mauritaniana, contributes to soil conservation, water retention, and biodiversity enhancement. Economic benefits include nutritional fruits, medicinal resources, and income generation.

Women are key stakeholders in sustainable and resilient food systems, given their roles as primary food producers and household caretakers (Visser and Wangu 2021). Understanding how gendered roles affect food security and women’s well-being is essential for pursuing sustainable development (Angel-Urdinola and Wodon 2010; Doss, Meinzen-Dick, and Quisumbing 2018; Meinzen-Dick et al. 2019).

The livestock sector plays a major role in the Kenyan food system, contributing about 12 percent of the country’s overall GDP and 40 percent of agricultural GDP, and employing about half of the agricultural labor force (Kenya Markets Trust 2019a). The livestock sector also contributes 22 percent of food system GDP.

Digital innovation is a key feature in the global and national discourse on food systems transformation. Efforts to better integrate food systems—defined here as the constellation of actors and their activities originating from agriculture, livestock, forestry, or fisheries, as well as the broader economic, societal, and natural environments in which they operate, including the production, aggregation, processing, distribution, consumption, and disposal of food products (Dwivedi et al. 2017; FAO 2018; Njuki et al.

The International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) launched a pilot radio program to assess the potential of disseminating sheep fattening technologies to smallholder farmers using radio as a communication medium. This mid-term review aims to provide initial insight about the progress made six months after the program rollout.

This is training manual to guide field enumerators and supervisors in understanding the survey questionnaire and logistical planning.