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Russia

Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new ROMANOV Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. Repeated devastating defeats of the Russian army in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the imperial household. The communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the USSR. The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened communist rule and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. After defeating Germany in World War II as part of an alliance with the US (1939-1945), the USSR expanded its territory and influence in Eastern Europe and emerged as a global power. The USSR was the principal adversary of the US during the Cold War (1947-1991). The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the decades following Stalin’s rule, until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism, but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991 splintered the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent republics.

Following economic and political turmoil during President Boris YELTSIN's term (1991-99), Russia shifted toward a centralized authoritarian state under the leadership of President Vladimir PUTIN (2000-2008, 2012-present) in which the regime seeks to legitimize its rule through managed elections, populist appeals, a foreign policy focused on enhancing the country's geopolitical influence, and commodity-based economic growth. Russia faces a largely subdued rebel movement in Chechnya and some other surrounding regions, although violence still occurs throughout the North Caucasus.

Russia is a semi-presidential federation.

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Resources

Displaying 906 - 910 of 1046

Agreement between the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China on the Eastern part of the Russian-Chinese border.

International Conventions or Treaties
Russia
China
Eastern Europe
Europe
Asia
Eastern Asia

The Parties have agreed to apply boundary survey in the middle of the main channel or in the middle of the main branch of the boundary rivers. The exact position of the main channel or of the main branch of the boundary rivers shall be established in the process of border demarcation and shall be mapped. Appurtenance of the islands shall be established in accordance with the position of the main channel or the main branch of border river. The Parties shall also demarcate air space and subsoil.

Federal Law No. 117-FZ amending Federal Law No. 123-FZ “Technical Regulation of fire safety”.

Legislation
Russia
Eastern Europe
Europe

Article 69 shall be amended to add the following wording: “Separation distance shall ensure non-proliferation of fires from forest species in forest areas (forest parks) to edifices and constructions located: (a) outside forest area (forest park); (b) within forest area (forest park); and (c) from forest species outside forest area (forest park) to edifices and constructions”.

Amends: Federal Law No. 123-FZ “Technical Regulation of fire safety”. (2008-07-22)

Federal Law No. 99-FZ amending Federal Law No. 152-FZ of 1997 "On denomination of geographical objects".

Legislation
Russia
Eastern Europe
Europe

Article 5 shall be amended to add the following wording: “Article 5. Competent federal executive bodies in the sphere of denomination of geographical objects shall carry out denomination of geographical objects in accordance with other federal executive bodies within the sphere of competence thereof in accordance with the modalities envisaged by the legislation of the Russian Federation”.

Amends: Federal Law No. 152-FZ of 1997 "On denomination of geographical objects". (1997-12-18)

Ministerial Decree No. 559 concerning federal bodies authorized to issue authorization for creation of artificial land plots on waterbodies.

Regulations
Russia
Eastern Europe
Europe

The Government establishes that federal executive bodies authorized to issue authorization for creation of artificial land plots on waterbodies pertaining to federal property, located completely on regional territories and are used for potable water supply and public water supply, shall be Federal Water Resources Agency (except for harbours) and Federal Marine and Fluvial Transport Agency for harbours.

Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of Uzbekistan on cooperation in the sphere of geodesy, cartography, cadastre and distant zoning of the Earth.

International Conventions or Treaties
Russia
Uzbekistan
Eastern Europe
Europe
Asia
Central Asia

The Parties have agreed to cooperate in the following fields: (a) topographic, geodetic and cartographic activity; (b) publishing of maps; (c) aerial survey of the territory and exchange of distant zoning data; (d) exchange of geodetic and geographic information; and (e) exchange and training of staff and experts.