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Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new ROMANOV Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. Repeated devastating defeats of the Russian army in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the imperial household. The communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the USSR. The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened communist rule and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. After defeating Germany in World War II as part of an alliance with the US (1939-1945), the USSR expanded its territory and influence in Eastern Europe and emerged as a global power. The USSR was the principal adversary of the US during the Cold War (1947-1991). The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the decades following Stalin’s rule, until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism, but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991 splintered the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent republics.

Following economic and political turmoil during President Boris YELTSIN's term (1991-99), Russia shifted toward a centralized authoritarian state under the leadership of President Vladimir PUTIN (2000-2008, 2012-present) in which the regime seeks to legitimize its rule through managed elections, populist appeals, a foreign policy focused on enhancing the country's geopolitical influence, and commodity-based economic growth. Russia faces a largely subdued rebel movement in Chechnya and some other surrounding regions, although violence still occurs throughout the North Caucasus.

Russia is a semi-presidential federation.

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Displaying 121 - 125 of 1046

Regional Law No. 415 amending Regional Law No. 105 “On particulars of regulation of land relations”.

Legislation
Russia
Eastern Europe
Europe

Article 4 shall be amended to add the following wording: “Regional Legislative Assembly shall be competent public authority in the sphere of establishment of maximum and minimum land area pertaining to public or municipal ownership that is subject to transfer for farming”.

Amends: Regional Law No. 105 “On particulars of regulation of land relations”. (2009-06-02)

Regional Law No. 858-ZS “On ensuring fertility of agricultural land”.

Legislation
Russia
Eastern Europe
Europe

The scope of this Regional Law shall be to ensure fertility of agricultural land by owners, landlords, land tenants and leaseholders. The main arrangements for ensuring soil fertility shall be: (a) elaboration and realization of regional programs; (b) soil, agrochemical, phytosanitary, ecological and toxicological inspection; (c) investments in soil conservation and reproduction; and (d) improvement of soil quality and fertility.

Regional Law No. 67-Z amending Regional Law No. 23-Z “On regulation of land relations”.

Legislation
Russia
Eastern Europe
Europe

Article 8.1 shall be amended to add the following wording: “Registration of citizens having the right to allotment of public land plots free of charge shall be performed by local government competent in distribution of land”.

Amends: Regional Law No. 23-Z “On regulation of land relations”. (2009-03-12)

Regional Law No. 1470-OZ “On municipal land control”.

Legislation
Russia
Eastern Europe
Europe

This Regional Law establishes the modalities of performance of municipal land control by local government. Municipal land control shall be conducted in the form of ordinary and extraordinary inspections of legal persona and individual entrepreneurs. The subject of inspection shall be checking data and information contained in the documentation related to land tenure. The scope of inspection shall be to control compliance by land tenant with compulsory legislative requirements related to land tenure. Municipal land control shall be performed in accordance with the annual plans.

Regional Law No. 110-OZ “On classification of agricultural land as particularly precious agricultural areas”.

Legislation
Russia
Eastern Europe
Europe

This Regional Law as particularly precious agricultural areas the following categories: (a) experimental fields of agricultural scientific research and educational institutions; (b) experimental fields of agricultural organizations used for testing; (c) agricultural land of state plant variety testing institutions; (d) land irrigated by stationary irrigation systems; and (e) agricultural land of horticultural agricultural enterprises.