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Russia

Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new ROMANOV Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. Repeated devastating defeats of the Russian army in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the imperial household. The communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the USSR. The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened communist rule and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. After defeating Germany in World War II as part of an alliance with the US (1939-1945), the USSR expanded its territory and influence in Eastern Europe and emerged as a global power. The USSR was the principal adversary of the US during the Cold War (1947-1991). The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the decades following Stalin’s rule, until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism, but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991 splintered the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent republics.

Following economic and political turmoil during President Boris YELTSIN's term (1991-99), Russia shifted toward a centralized authoritarian state under the leadership of President Vladimir PUTIN (2000-2008, 2012-present) in which the regime seeks to legitimize its rule through managed elections, populist appeals, a foreign policy focused on enhancing the country's geopolitical influence, and commodity-based economic growth. Russia faces a largely subdued rebel movement in Chechnya and some other surrounding regions, although violence still occurs throughout the North Caucasus.

Russia is a semi-presidential federation.

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Displaying 226 - 230 of 1046

Regional Decree No. 104-pa “On the modalities of performance of municipal land control”.

Regulations
Russia
Eastern Europe
Europe

This Regional Decree establishes the modalities of performance of municipal land control by local government. Municipal land control shall be conducted in the form of ordinary and extraordinary inspections of legal persons and individual entrepreneurs. The subject of inspection shall be checking data and information contained in the documentation related to land tenure, to ensure availability and conservation of landmarks.

Regional Law No. 2261-ZTO amending Regional Law No. 452-ZTO “On particulars of turnover of agricultural land”.

Legislation
Russia
Eastern Europe
Europe

Article 4 shall be amended to add the following wording: “Maximum allowable agricultural land area dimensions shall not be applicable to agricultural land plots allotted to peasant farms for farming”.

Amends: Regional Law No. 452-ZTO “On particulars of turnover of agricultural land”. (2008-12-18)

Regional Law No. 100-OZ “On land relations”.

Legislation
Russia
Eastern Europe
Europe

This Regional Law determines the particulars of regulation of land relations except for agricultural land. It assigns plenary powers of regional bodies and local government in the aforesaid sphere. This Regional Law shall be applicable in the following cases: (a) allotment of public plots land to citizens free of charge in ownership; (b) allotment of public land plots on lease without tender; (c) application of servitude; and (d) expropriation of land for public and municipal needs.

Regional Law No. 109 amending Regional Law No. 170 “On turnover and land-use planning of agricultural land”.

Legislation
Russia
Eastern Europe
Europe

Article 6 shall be amended to add the following wording: “Plots of land out of stock of public or municipal agricultural land shall be allotted to natural and legal persons in conformity with Land Code of the Russian Federation”.

Amends: Regional Law No. 170 “On turnover and land-use planning of agricultural land”. (2012)

Regional Law No. 3840-OZ “On state cadastre valuation of land by local government”.

Legislation
Russia
Eastern Europe
Europe

This Regional Law establishes that state cadastre land valuation shall be conducted by decision of local government of city districts and municipal units within the boundaries of a given municipal unit. The modalities of state cadastre valuation of land shall be performed by decision of the regional administration.