Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new ROMANOV Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. Repeated devastating defeats of the Russian army in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the imperial household. The communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the USSR. The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened communist rule and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. After defeating Germany in World War II as part of an alliance with the US (1939-1945), the USSR expanded its territory and influence in Eastern Europe and emerged as a global power. The USSR was the principal adversary of the US during the Cold War (1947-1991). The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the decades following Stalin’s rule, until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism, but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991 splintered the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent republics.
Following economic and political turmoil during President Boris YELTSIN's term (1991-99), Russia shifted toward a centralized authoritarian state under the leadership of President Vladimir PUTIN (2000-2008, 2012-present) in which the regime seeks to legitimize its rule through managed elections, populist appeals, a foreign policy focused on enhancing the country's geopolitical influence, and commodity-based economic growth. Russia faces a largely subdued rebel movement in Chechnya and some other surrounding regions, although violence still occurs throughout the North Caucasus.
Russia is a semi-presidential federation.
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Displaying 726 - 730 of 1046Regional Law No. 8-RZ "On protected areas".
This Regional Law regulates relations in the sphere of organization, protection and management of protected areas with a view of conservation of unique and typical natural ecosystems and objects, particular natural formations, objects of wild fauna and wild flora and genetic resources thereof, study of natural processes in the biosphere and control over change of its state, and also for ecological education.
Regional Law No. 58-RZ "On land reclamation".
This Regional Law regulates relations in the sphere of land reclamation, originating in the process of performance of land reclamation arrangements, and establishes legal status of state bodies, local government, natural and legal persons carrying out activities in this sphere. The scope of land reclamation shall be to improve soil productivity in order to ensure agricultural land production output and involvement in agricultural production unused and low productive agricultural land.
Regional Law No. 21-RZ "On cultural heritage".
This Regional Law regulates relations in the sphere of conservation, management , promotion and state protection of the objects of cultural heritage and is aimed at ensuring constitutional right of citizens related to access to cultural heritage. Objects of cultural heritage shall be considered immovable property and shall include natural landscapes, recreational urban forests and parks. Land within the boundaries of territories of cultural heritage recorded in the public register of the objects of cultural heritage shall be considered land of historical and cultural heritage.
Regional Law No. 14-rz "On modalities of application of land public servitudes".
This Regional Law regulates relations concerning the modalities of application of land public servitudes irrespectively of appurtenance of land plot to a specific land category.
Regional Law No. 68-z "On allocation free of charge in ownership to legal persons of plots of land pertaining to state or municipal property".
This Regional Law regulates the issues of allocation free of charge in ownership to legal persons of plots of land pertaining to state or municipal property. It shall be applicable to plots of land with non-delimited plenary powers and jurisdiction that can be disposed of by local government and also to plots of land pertaining to municipal property. The aforesaid plots of land can be allocated for collective housing construction.