Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new ROMANOV Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. Repeated devastating defeats of the Russian army in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the imperial household. The communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the USSR. The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened communist rule and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. After defeating Germany in World War II as part of an alliance with the US (1939-1945), the USSR expanded its territory and influence in Eastern Europe and emerged as a global power. The USSR was the principal adversary of the US during the Cold War (1947-1991). The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the decades following Stalin’s rule, until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism, but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991 splintered the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent republics.
Following economic and political turmoil during President Boris YELTSIN's term (1991-99), Russia shifted toward a centralized authoritarian state under the leadership of President Vladimir PUTIN (2000-2008, 2012-present) in which the regime seeks to legitimize its rule through managed elections, populist appeals, a foreign policy focused on enhancing the country's geopolitical influence, and commodity-based economic growth. Russia faces a largely subdued rebel movement in Chechnya and some other surrounding regions, although violence still occurs throughout the North Caucasus.
Russia is a semi-presidential federation.
Members:
Resources
Displaying 821 - 825 of 1046Regional Law No. 166-OZ “On delimitation of plenary powers between state bodies in the sphere of use of agricultural land”.
This Regional Law establishes that Regional Legislative Assembly shall have the following competence in the sphere of veterinary: (a) legislative regulation in the sphere of land-use planning related to agricultural land; and (b) law enforcement. The Governor shall appoint authorized regional state institution in the sphere of land-use planning related to agricultural land.
Regional Law No. 265-49 “On land control”.
This Regional Law establishes general principles for exercising state control over land tenure and land management on the regional territory with a view of enforcement of land legislation. Land control shall be carried out by the authorized state regional institution. The scope of state land control shall be to ensure compliance with land legislation by all natural and legal persons, officials, prevention and identification of land offences.
Regional Law No. 44-10 “On preferential terms for payment of lease for public land plots”.
This Regional Law establishes the modalities of granting preferential terms of payment for lease of public land, that can be granted to some categories of leaseholders in accordance with regional laws and by Governor’s Decrees exclusively within the period of current financial year.
Regional Law No. 195-OZ “On service land allotment”.
This Regional Law establishes categories of workers that have the right to service land allotment. Service land allotment shall be granted to: (a) game managers and gamekeepers; (b) forest officers and workers of forestry organizations; (c) fishery managers and fishermen of coastal fishery organizations; (d) railway line personnel and highway maintenance and keeping personnel. Service land allotment shall be granted for gardening, vegetable growing, stockbreeding, haymaking and grazing.
Regional Law No. 44-11 “On legalization of land plots for individual housing and suburban construction, and gardening”.
This Regional Law establishes the modalities of legalization of the rights of ownership to public land plot allotted to a citizen for individual housing and suburban construction or for gardening if the documents of ownership by application of estate-leaver were not legalized during the lifetime. In the aforesaid case the heir shall have the right of allotment free of charge of the plot of land applied for by estate-leaver while alive.