Global Position System (GPS) receivers are capable of surveying measurement with geodetic positioning accuracy. They are designed to be mounted on a tripod usually with a tribrach and set up for observations with assigned mask angle and height of antenna above the survey marks. Assignation of inaccurate mask angle and height of antenna, during observations, is undoubtedly the most prevalent and frequent biases in GPS set up during control surveying which usually leads to less accurate geodetic positioning.

Context and backgroundAccurately integrating different geospatial data sets remain a challenging task because diverse geospatial data may have different accuracy levels and formats. Surveyors may typically create several arbitrary coordinate systems at local scales, which could lead to a variety of coordinate datasets causing such data to remain unconsolidated and in-homogeneous.Methodology:In this study, a piecewise rubber-sheeting conflation or geometric correction approach is used to accomplish transformations between such a pair of data for accurate data integration.

Context and backgroundPresently, in developing countries, growth of major cities is characterized by pressure on livelihood activities especially on potential inner-streets which attract variety of users including petty traders to interact on prime spaces hence leading to increased pressure on governing informal activities. Legally, in a conventional point of view, local government authorities are considered as key actors for successful petty trading governance capacity.