In Africa, women are subjected to
discriminatory practices that keep them in a vulnerable
situation. Their limited access to land, in a continent
where the majority of the population depends on agriculture,
reduces their access to credit and their capacity to
undertake sustainable economic activities to generate
income. They hold only 18 percent of agricultural lands and
are not better off in administrations. In Cote

Enabling the Business of Agriculture 2016 provides a tool for policy makers to identify and analyze legal barriers for the business of agriculture and to quantify transaction costs of dealing with government regulations.

La presente Ley crea y desarrolla las Zonas de Interés de desarrollo rural, económico y social (ZIDRES), como territorios con aptitud agrícola, pecuaria y forestal y piscícola identificados por la Unidad de Planificación Rural Agropecuaria (UPRA), que se establecerán a partir de Planes de Desarrollo Rural Integral en un marco de economía formal y de ordenamiento territorial, soportados bajo parámetros de plena competitividad e inserción del recurso humano en un contexto de desarrollo humano sostenible, crecimiento económico regional, desarrollo social y sostenibilidad ambiental.

With more than three-quarters of its
workforce employed in agriculture, Malawi is highly
vulnerable to any adverse events affecting the agriculture
sector, and agricultural risks are ever present in the
country. Agricultural risks can obstruct development and
enforce poverty traps, particularly for a country as reliant
on agriculture as Malawi. Because of the size of the sector
in the economy and the importance of agricultural products

The climate-smart agriculture (CSA) concept reflects
the ambition to improve the integration of agriculture
development and climate responsiveness. CSA aims to
achieve food security and broader development goals under a
changing climate and increasing food demand. CSA initiatives
sustainably increase agriculture productivity, enhance resilience
of agro-systems, and reduce/remove greenhouse gases
(GHGs) from agriculture production, and require planning to
address tradeoffs and synergies between these three pillars:

The climate-smart agriculture (CSA) concept reflects an
ambition to further integrate agricultural development and
climate responsiveness. CSA aims to achieve food security
and broader development goals under a changing climate
and increasing food demand. CSA initiatives sustainably
increase productivity, enhance resilience, and minimize
greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions. Increased planning is
vital in order to address tradeoffs and synergies between
the three pillars: productivity, adaptation, and mitigation

The climate-smart agriculture (CSA) concept reflects
an ambition to improve the integration of agriculture
development and climate responsiveness. It aims to
achieve food security and broader development goals
under a changing climate and increasing food demand.
CSA initiatives sustainably increase productivity, enhance
resilience, and reduce/remove greenhouse gases (GHGs),
and require planning to address tradeoffs and synergies
between these three pillars: productivity, adaptation,

The climate-smart agriculture (CSA) concept reflects
an ambition to improve the integration of agriculture
development and climate responsiveness. It aims to achieve
food security and broader development goals under a
changing climate and increasing food demand. CSA initiatives
sustainably increase productivity, enhance resilience, and
reduce/remove greenhouse gases (GHGs), and require
planning to address tradeoffs and synergies between these
three pillars: productivity, adaptation, and mitigation [1].

This paper analyzes the effects of land
market restrictions on structural change from agriculture to
non-farm in a rural economy. This paper develops a
theoretical model that focuses on higher migration costs due
to restrictions on alienability, and identifies the
possibility of a reverse structural change where the share
of nonagricultural employment declines. The reverse
structural change can occur under plausible conditions: if

Climate change is a critical issue
facing the countries of the Nile basin. While individual
weather events are difficult to attribute to climate change,
their sum is already having adverse effects on socioeconomic
conditions across the region. While climate change was not
an overt focus of the Nile basin initiative’s (NBI’s)
mandate when it was launched in 1999, it has emerged as a
key challenge for countries of the Nile to take seriously.

Watershed management has come to be
recognized as a critical issue in the Nile Basin. Upstream
land use can cause degradation and soil erosion, resulting
in lower agricultural yields locally and causing
sedimentation downstream. The increased sediment load causes
economic problems by reducing water quality, and irrigation
and hydropower potential, as well as increasing flooding.
This note shows how, through Basin-wide cooperation, the

The use of the phrase, ‘political
economy’ originates in Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations and is
also found in the writings of David Ricardo and Karl Marx.
What is presently understood as ‘economics’ was, at that
time, termed ‘political economy’. This was understood to
mean ‘conditions of production organization in
nation-states’ (Acemoglu and Robinson, 2012, Beuran,
Raballand and Kapoor, 2011). Venerable scholars such as