India faces crucial challenges of food security and sustainability. The country needs to grow a significantly higher quantity and quality of food to provide adequate nourishment to a population that is expected to increase to 1.6 billion by 2050. Furthermore, its environmental factors are already severely stressed. For instance, India has only 4% of the world’s freshwater resources but has 17% of the global population. Given the nature of agriculture in India which relies heavily on groundwater, the country is facing severe depletion in a large majority of its aquifers.

A lack of information about the living customary systems that manage commons in Madagascar hampers efforts to identify the levels at which collectivities charged with allocating land and enforcing land claims should receive legal recognition. To help address this knowledge gap and inform ongoing legal reforms aimed at recognizing collective tenure, we reviewed relevant legal texts and field studies of Malagasy tenure systems.

This Annual Report documents a firm foundation for results in all five Strategy impact areas of the One CGIAR Research and Innovation Strategy, demonstrating the relevance of WLE within the “systems transformation approach for food, land and water systems” that it maps out.

The world urgently needs to restore huge swaths of land to meet the demand for ecosystem services and is targeting 350 M Ha by 2030 under the New York Declaration on Forests and the Bonn Challenge. Tremendous resources - financial, human and other - are needed at international, national, sub-national and local levels. International mobilization has been great so far. National awareness and commitments are also robust. Many excellent local success stories have also been reported.

Reorienting funding for research and innovation is an urgent step to transform agri-food systems

This factsheet gives answers on how climate exacerbates root causes of conflict in Nigeria, using an impact pathway analysis. Three main impact pathways are identified: 1) Resource availability and access pathway; 2) Livelihood and food insecurity pathway; 3) Fossil fuels, environmental impacts, and livelihood insecurity pathway.

Over the past decade, countries in South Asia have experienced more frequent and intense extreme
weather events – floods and droughts – driven by climate change. In 2021 alone, Bangladesh, India, and
Nepal experienced intense monsoon rainfall and floods spurred by an erratic monsoon, even as parts of
India and Pakistan experienced intense heatwaves and drought The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change’s (IPCC) latest report released in August 2021, suggests that such events are only likely to increase,

By fostering and coordinating multi-stakeholder platforms such as the Academic Dialogue Platform on Food and Nutritional Safety, the International Centre for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) aims to generate knowledge and articulate work on the city’s food system by bringing together key actors from the public sector, research groups and academia, NGOs and civil society.

County Climate Risk Profiles are a key tool to guide climate smart agriculture (CSA) investments and priorities at the county level in Kenya. These documents provide analyses of the underlying causes of vulnerability and on-going and potential climate change adaptation strategies. They also provide a snapshot of the enabling environment for building resilience by providing a synthesis of the policy, institutional and governance context.

Agriculture is crucial for the livelihood of millions of people worldwide and is one of the main drivers

We report on how the COVID-19 pandemic is affecting Indigenous peoples and local communities (IPLCs), especially those who govern, manage and conserve their lands and waters. We explore the themes of access and use of natural resources, solidarity, decision-making, the role of governments and IPLCs in managing COVID-19, and the uptake of traditional medicine. These themes are explored through a global online survey in English, Spanish and French.