Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new ROMANOV Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. Repeated devastating defeats of the Russian army in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the imperial household. The communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the USSR. The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened communist rule and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. After defeating Germany in World War II as part of an alliance with the US (1939-1945), the USSR expanded its territory and influence in Eastern Europe and emerged as a global power. The USSR was the principal adversary of the US during the Cold War (1947-1991). The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the decades following Stalin’s rule, until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism, but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991 splintered the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent republics.
Following economic and political turmoil during President Boris YELTSIN's term (1991-99), Russia shifted toward a centralized authoritarian state under the leadership of President Vladimir PUTIN (2000-2008, 2012-present) in which the regime seeks to legitimize its rule through managed elections, populist appeals, a foreign policy focused on enhancing the country's geopolitical influence, and commodity-based economic growth. Russia faces a largely subdued rebel movement in Chechnya and some other surrounding regions, although violence still occurs throughout the North Caucasus.
Russia is a semi-presidential federation.
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Displaying 796 - 800 of 1046Regional Law No. 203-ZO “On turnover of agricultural land”.
This Regional Law establishes rules for organizations related to turnover of land parcels and shares of land parcels of agricultural land. It shall not be applicable to agricultural land allotted for subsistence farming, stockbreeding, horticulture and gardening for individual personal needs. Regional Government shall nominate authorized regional state institution competent in the sphere of turnover of agricultural land and transactions therewith. Minimum land area of agricultural land to be allotted for efficient production of agricultural commodities shall be 2 ha.
Regional Law No. 98-ZO “On maximum and minimum land area dimensions that can be allotted to citizens in ownership”.
This Regional Law establishes minimum and maximum land areas of agricultural land for production of agricultural commodities that can be allotted to citizens out of stock of public and municipal land. Minimum land area for agricultural production shall be 1.0 ha and maximum land area for agricultural production shall be 50.0 ha.
Regional Law No. 172-ZO “On conservation of agricultural soil fertility through biologization”.
The scope of this Regional Law shall be to ensure reproduction of agricultural land fertility through biologization of arable farming by land owners, land tenants, including lease holders. Owners, tenants and lease holders of agricultural land shall have the following rights: (a) carry out phytoagrotechnical, phytosanitary, land reclamation and anti-erosion arrangements; and (b) have access to information related to soil fertility managed by state bodies.
Regional Law No. 99-ZO “On maximum land areas allotted in ownership to citizens”.
This Regional Law establishes maximum land area of land parcels allotted in ownership to citizens free of charge as follows: (a) for peasant farms – 8 ha; (b) for gardening – 0,10 ha; (c) for horticulture – 0,10 ha; for suburban housing construction – 0,04 ha; (d) for subsistence farming – 0,15 ha; and (e) for individual housing construction – 0,15 ha.
Regional Law No. 38-OZ “On land-use planning of urban and rural areas”.
This Regional Law regulates the issues of land-use planning, including management of parcels of protected areas, recreational areas and areas containing objects of historical and cultural heritage. Regional administration shall implement common policy in the sphere of land-use planning, law enforcement and performance monitoring of land-use planning.