Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new ROMANOV Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. Repeated devastating defeats of the Russian army in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the imperial household. The communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the USSR. The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened communist rule and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. After defeating Germany in World War II as part of an alliance with the US (1939-1945), the USSR expanded its territory and influence in Eastern Europe and emerged as a global power. The USSR was the principal adversary of the US during the Cold War (1947-1991). The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the decades following Stalin’s rule, until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism, but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991 splintered the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent republics.
Following economic and political turmoil during President Boris YELTSIN's term (1991-99), Russia shifted toward a centralized authoritarian state under the leadership of President Vladimir PUTIN (2000-2008, 2012-present) in which the regime seeks to legitimize its rule through managed elections, populist appeals, a foreign policy focused on enhancing the country's geopolitical influence, and commodity-based economic growth. Russia faces a largely subdued rebel movement in Chechnya and some other surrounding regions, although violence still occurs throughout the North Caucasus.
Russia is a semi-presidential federation.
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Displaying 816 - 820 of 1046Regional Law No. 47 “On land reclamation”.
This Regional Law establishes legal grounds for land reclamation activity with the consideration of natural and climatic conditions, and also rights and duties of natural and legal persons ensuring efficient tenure and protection of reclaimed land. The scope of land reclamation shall be to ensure improvement of soil fertility and creation of condition for involvement agricultural production of unused and low-productive land. Land reclamation shall be classified as follows: (a) hydrotechnical amelioration; (b) agro-forestry; (c) land clearing; and (d) chemical amelioration.
Regional Law No. 128 “On ensuring fertility of agricultural land”.
This Regional Law establishes legal and economic grounds for state regulation of fertility of agricultural land with the consideration of conservation, reproduction and rational management of agricultural land by owners, tenants and lease holders. State of fertility of agricultural land shall be subject to registration in order to give a complete overview agro-ecological monitoring and qualitative and quantitative changes of the state of agricultural land. Soil fertility of agricultural land shall be ensured through agrochemical servicing.
Regional Law No. 105 “On particulars of regulation of land relations”.
This Regional Law regulates land relations concerning land-use planning, urban land zoning and land tenure of public land. It establishes that land tenure shall be performed exclusively in accordance with purposeful use of land. Land classification by categories, including classification of public and municipal land as agricultural land, transfer of land from one category to another shall be carried out by the supreme regional executive body.
Regional Law No. 70-OZ “On maximum land area that can be owned or held in tenancy by subsistence farmers”.
This Regional Law establishes that maximum land area that can be owned or held in tenancy by subsistence farmers shall be 19 ha.
Regional Law No. 265-49 “On land control”.
This Regional Law establishes general principles for exercising state control over land tenure and land management on the regional territory with a view of enforcement of land legislation. Land control shall be carried out by the authorized state regional institution. The scope of state land control shall be to ensure compliance with land legislation by all natural and legal persons, officials, prevention and identification of land offences.