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Russia

Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new ROMANOV Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. Repeated devastating defeats of the Russian army in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the imperial household. The communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the USSR. The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened communist rule and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. After defeating Germany in World War II as part of an alliance with the US (1939-1945), the USSR expanded its territory and influence in Eastern Europe and emerged as a global power. The USSR was the principal adversary of the US during the Cold War (1947-1991). The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the decades following Stalin’s rule, until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism, but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991 splintered the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent republics.

Following economic and political turmoil during President Boris YELTSIN's term (1991-99), Russia shifted toward a centralized authoritarian state under the leadership of President Vladimir PUTIN (2000-2008, 2012-present) in which the regime seeks to legitimize its rule through managed elections, populist appeals, a foreign policy focused on enhancing the country's geopolitical influence, and commodity-based economic growth. Russia faces a largely subdued rebel movement in Chechnya and some other surrounding regions, although violence still occurs throughout the North Caucasus.

Russia is a semi-presidential federation.

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Displaying 836 - 840 of 1046

Regional Law No. 1500-OD “On fixation of land buy-back price in case of allotment in ownership of agricultural land plots for gardening, horticulture and subsistence farming”.

Legislation
Russia
Eastern Europe
Europe

This Regional Law regulates transfer of agricultural land parcels in ownership to gardeners, vegetable growers and subsistence farmers, and to non-commercial associations thereof, out of stock of public and municipal land, except for cases of transfer free of charge envisaged by the national legislation. Buy-out price shall be fixed at 20 percent of cadastre value for agricultural land and 10 percent of cadastre value for urban land.

Regional Law No. 2218-OD amending Regional Law No. 1908-OD “On objects of cultural heritage”.

Legislation
Russia
Eastern Europe
Europe

Article 14 shall be amended to add the following wording: “Land parcels within the boundaries containing objects of cultural heritage of regional significance shall be classifies as protected areas by decision of the Regional Administration that establishes the modalities of land tenure and protection thereof”.

Amends: Regional Law No. 1908-OD “On objects of cultural heritage”. (2009-07-01)

Regional Law No. 28-Z “On allotment o land free of charge to multi-child family”.

Legislation
Russia
Eastern Europe
Europe

This Regional Law grants the right of free allotment of land on condition of ownership to multi-child families with three or more natural or adopted dependent children in possession of RF citizenship. The aforesaid land allotment shall be authorized once-only. Land shall be allotted for agricultural purposes (subsistence farming, gardening, agriculture or for housing construction) with dimensions of land area in accordance with rates of allotment validated by local government.

Regional Law No. 18-OZ amending Regional Law No. 88-OZ “On protected areas”.

Legislation
Russia
Eastern Europe
Europe

Article 2 shall be amended to add the following wording: “Protected areas of regional and local significance shall be taken into consideration in the process of elaboration of territorial planning complex schemes, land survey and regional land-use planning”.

Amends: Regional Law No. 88-OZ “On protected areas”. (2009-05-14)