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Russia

Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new ROMANOV Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. Repeated devastating defeats of the Russian army in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the imperial household. The communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the USSR. The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened communist rule and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. After defeating Germany in World War II as part of an alliance with the US (1939-1945), the USSR expanded its territory and influence in Eastern Europe and emerged as a global power. The USSR was the principal adversary of the US during the Cold War (1947-1991). The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the decades following Stalin’s rule, until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism, but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991 splintered the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent republics.

Following economic and political turmoil during President Boris YELTSIN's term (1991-99), Russia shifted toward a centralized authoritarian state under the leadership of President Vladimir PUTIN (2000-2008, 2012-present) in which the regime seeks to legitimize its rule through managed elections, populist appeals, a foreign policy focused on enhancing the country's geopolitical influence, and commodity-based economic growth. Russia faces a largely subdued rebel movement in Chechnya and some other surrounding regions, although violence still occurs throughout the North Caucasus.

Russia is a semi-presidential federation.

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Resources

Displaying 156 - 160 of 1046

Regional Law No. 135-OZ amending Regional Law No. 105-OZ “On objects of cultural heritage”.

Legislation
Russia
Eastern Europe
Europe

Article 10 shall be amended to add the following wording: “Objects of cultural heritage of regional significance inserted in the official register of the objects of cultural heritage shall have inscriptions (intitulation) and indications containing information on the objects of cultural heritage”.

Amends: Regional Law No. 105-OZ “On objects of cultural heritage”. (2009-03-24)

Regional Law No. 64-RZ “On allocation of territory for pastoralism”.

Legislation
Russia
Eastern Europe
Europe

This Regional Law establishes the modalities of allocation of agricultural lands for grazing, transhumance and pastoralism and is aimed at promotion of traditional forms of pastoralism. Land destined for grazing, transhumance and pastoralism shall be public property and shall not be subject to privatization. Land destined for grazing, transhumance and pastoralism can be allotted to natural and legal persons exclusively on lease. Map of areas destined for grazing, transhumance and pastoralism is attached in the Annex.

Regional Law No. 1497 VH-I “On allocation of territory for pastoralism”.

Legislation
Russia
Eastern Europe
Europe

This Regional Law establishes the modalities of allocation of agricultural lands for grazing, transhumance and pastoralism and is aimed at specific and rational management of grazing grounds, conservation and improvement of grasses, prevention of soil erosion and land degradation, desertification, other negative anthropogenic impact and conservation and reproduction of natural landscapes. Grazing grounds destined for pastoralism shall be classified as winter, spring-autumn and summer.

Regional Law No. 2158-OZ amending Regional Law No. 976-OZ “On turnover of agricultural land”.

Legislation
Russia
Eastern Europe
Europe

Article 3 shall be amended to add the following wording: “Minimum land area of consolidated agricultural land plot shall be 1 ha, if not otherwise envisaged by acting federal legislation and by this Regional Law”.

Amends: Regional Law No. 976-OZ “On turnover of agricultural land”. (2009-05-04)