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Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new ROMANOV Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. Repeated devastating defeats of the Russian army in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the imperial household. The communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the USSR. The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened communist rule and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. After defeating Germany in World War II as part of an alliance with the US (1939-1945), the USSR expanded its territory and influence in Eastern Europe and emerged as a global power. The USSR was the principal adversary of the US during the Cold War (1947-1991). The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the decades following Stalin’s rule, until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism, but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991 splintered the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent republics.

Following economic and political turmoil during President Boris YELTSIN's term (1991-99), Russia shifted toward a centralized authoritarian state under the leadership of President Vladimir PUTIN (2000-2008, 2012-present) in which the regime seeks to legitimize its rule through managed elections, populist appeals, a foreign policy focused on enhancing the country's geopolitical influence, and commodity-based economic growth. Russia faces a largely subdued rebel movement in Chechnya and some other surrounding regions, although violence still occurs throughout the North Caucasus.

Russia is a semi-presidential federation.

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Displaying 31 - 35 of 1046

Federal Law No. 337-FZ amending Federal Law No. 66-FZ on farming, gardening, housing non-profit-making associations.

Legislation
juli, 2016
Russia

This Federal Law links the amount of payment of membership fees of farming, gardening, and housing non-profit-making associations to the land area allotted to the member of farming, gardening, and housing non-profit-making associations. It also specifies the modalities of registration of members of farming, gardening, housing non-profit-making associations.

Amends: Federal Law No. 66-FZ on farming, gardening, housing non-profit-making associations. (1998-04-15)

Regional Law No. 552-ZS amending Regional Law No. 19-zs “On regulation of land relations”.

Legislation
juni, 2016
Russia

Article 16.1 shall be amended to add a new wording: “Lease contract related to plots of agricultural public or municipal land shall be concluded without tender in case of allotment thereof to Cossack associations for agricultural activities”.

Amends: Regional Law No. 19-zs “On regulation of land relations”. (2015-02-25)

Order No. 375 of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology validating the Regulation on reforestation.

Regulations
juni, 2016
Russia

This Order establishes the modalities of reforestation with a view of restoration of deforested, destroyed and damaged forest areas. The scope of reforestation shall be restoration of forest plantations, conservation of biological diversity and conservation of environmental values of forests. Reforestation shall be performed in natural, artificial and combined (combination of natural and artificial reforestation) manner. Reforestation shall be performed on (a) forest plots allotted on lease for timber extraction; and (b) on other forest plots by state bodies and local government.

Regional Law No. 1682-OZ amending Regional Law No. 756-oz “On the modalities of calculation of lease payment, modalities and terms of payment of thereof for lease of land plots of public land”.

Legislation
juni, 2016
Russia

Article 1 shall be amended to add the following wording: “Lease payment for plots of agricultural land shall be calculated with application of index 0, 3 percent”.

Amends: Regional Law No. 756-oz “On the modalities of calculation of lease payment, modalities and terms of payment of thereof for lease of land plots of public land”. (2010-02-03)