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Russia

Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new ROMANOV Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. Repeated devastating defeats of the Russian army in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the imperial household. The communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the USSR. The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened communist rule and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. After defeating Germany in World War II as part of an alliance with the US (1939-1945), the USSR expanded its territory and influence in Eastern Europe and emerged as a global power. The USSR was the principal adversary of the US during the Cold War (1947-1991). The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the decades following Stalin’s rule, until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism, but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991 splintered the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent republics.

Following economic and political turmoil during President Boris YELTSIN's term (1991-99), Russia shifted toward a centralized authoritarian state under the leadership of President Vladimir PUTIN (2000-2008, 2012-present) in which the regime seeks to legitimize its rule through managed elections, populist appeals, a foreign policy focused on enhancing the country's geopolitical influence, and commodity-based economic growth. Russia faces a largely subdued rebel movement in Chechnya and some other surrounding regions, although violence still occurs throughout the North Caucasus.

Russia is a semi-presidential federation.

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Displaying 46 - 50 of 1046

Regional Law No. 55-ZSO “On regulation of grazing and passage of cattle on the regional territory”.

Legislation
april, 2016
Russia

The scope of this Regional Law shall be to ensure conservation and rational tenancy of agricultural land and urban land and it establishes requirements for grazing and passage of cattle on the regional territory. Owners of cattle must form their livestock in herds and appoint a herdsman. In case of impossibility to for a herd, the owners must perform grazing personally or, in alternative, to keep cattle indoors. Passage of cattle to the collection points for the formation of herd shall be performed by owners of cattle or by persons appointed thereby.

Regional Law 904-OZ amending Regional Law No. 667-OZ “On some issues related to turnover of agricultural land”.

Legislation
april, 2016
Russia

Article 2 shall be amended to add the following wording: “Regional Government shall be responsible for listing, keeping and updating of particularly precious agricultural land plots which shall not be used for purposes other than agriculture”.

Amends: Regional Law No. 667-OZ “On some issues related to turnover of agricultural land”. (2015-03-18)

Regional Law No. 16-OZ amending Regional Law No. 64-OZ “On objects of cultural heritage”.

Legislation
april, 2016
Russia

Article 7 shall be amended to add the following wording: “Authorized regional state institution in the sphere of protection of objects of cultural heritage shall be responsible for elaboration, validation and performance of institutional specific programs in the sphere of conservation, management, promotion and state protection of the objects of cultural heritage”.

Amends: Regional Law No. 64-OZ “On objects of cultural heritage”. (2015-08-05)

Regional Law No. 46-GD amending Regional Law No. 142-GD “On objects of cultural heritage”.

Legislation
april, 2016
Russia

Article 17 (1) shall be amended to add the following wording: “The list of historical settlements of regional significance, the grounds for protection of historical settlements of regional significance, boundaries thereof and urban construction requirements shall be validated by the Regional Government upon the recommendation of the regional state body for protection of cultural heritage”.

Amends: Regional Law No. 142-GD “On objects of cultural heritage”. (2014-05-12)