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Russia

Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new ROMANOV Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. Repeated devastating defeats of the Russian army in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the imperial household. The communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the USSR. The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened communist rule and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. After defeating Germany in World War II as part of an alliance with the US (1939-1945), the USSR expanded its territory and influence in Eastern Europe and emerged as a global power. The USSR was the principal adversary of the US during the Cold War (1947-1991). The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the decades following Stalin’s rule, until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism, but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991 splintered the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent republics.

Following economic and political turmoil during President Boris YELTSIN's term (1991-99), Russia shifted toward a centralized authoritarian state under the leadership of President Vladimir PUTIN (2000-2008, 2012-present) in which the regime seeks to legitimize its rule through managed elections, populist appeals, a foreign policy focused on enhancing the country's geopolitical influence, and commodity-based economic growth. Russia faces a largely subdued rebel movement in Chechnya and some other surrounding regions, although violence still occurs throughout the North Caucasus.

Russia is a semi-presidential federation.

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Displaying 316 - 320 of 1046

Regional Law No. 177-IV-Z “On regulation of land relations”.

Legislation
Russia
Eastern Europe
Europe

The scope of this Regional Law shall be implementation of plenary powers assigned to regional jurisdictional competence in the sphere of land relations. Regional Government shall have the following plenary powers: (a) land tenure and control of public land; (b) lawmaking in the sphere of regulation of land relations; (c) expropriation of land plots; (d) application of public servitude; and (e) establishment of the modalities of calculation of land lease fees and terms and conditions of payment thereof.

Regional Law No. 29-ZO “On payment for land plots allotted in ownership for subsistence (family) farming, gardening and horticulture”.

Legislation
Russia
Eastern Europe
Europe

This Regional Law establishes payment for public or municipal plots of land allotted in ownership to natural persons for subsistence (family) farming, gardening and horticulture. Transfer in ownership of the aforesaid plots of land shall be based on cadastre value of land that however cannot be higher than standard price of land plots except for cases of purchase of land plots through auction sale or tender.

Ministerial Decree No. 456 validating the Regulation on Federal Cadastre of Immovable Property.

Regulations
Russia
Eastern Europe
Europe

This Ministerial Decree establishes that Federal Cadastre of Immovable Property shall be the state institution responsible for keeping the cadastre of immovable property and for conducting state cadastral valuation of land, land surveys, state land monitoring and mapping.

Repealed by: Ministerial Decree No. 457 validating the Regulation on Federal Service of State Registration, Cadastre and Cartography. (2009-06-01)

Regional Law No. 25-RZ “On establishment of the value of land plots within inhabited areas destined for agricultural production”.

Legislation
Russia
Eastern Europe
Europe

This Regional Law establishes that plots of agricultural land within the boundaries of inhabited areas and destined for agricultural production allotted on lease on condition of permanent (open-ended) land tenure as a result of renewal of lease contract or renewal of the right of hereditary possession of such land with the right of lease can be purchased in ownership by lease holder at the cost of 15 percent of cadastre value of such plots of land.

Regional Decree No. 586-PP “On the modalities of performance of municipal land control”.

Regulations
Russia
Eastern Europe
Europe

This Regional Decree establishes the modalities of performance of municipal land control by local government. Municipal land control shall be conducted in the form of ordinary and extraordinary inspections of legal persons and individual entrepreneurs. The subject of inspection shall be checking data and information contained in the documentation related to land tenure. The scope of inspection shall be to control compliance by land tenant with compulsory legislative requirements related to land tenure with a view of prevention and suppression of unauthorized transactions with land.