This review focuses on how public
expenditure translates into the delivery of water supply and
sanitation services in rural and urban areas in Sierra
Leone. It describes the legal and institutional framework
for the allocation of resources assesses access to Water
Supply and Sanitation (WSS) services and past sector
performance, and analyzes public expenditure in the sector,
including the factors affecting the efficiency of use of

Transportation has always played a
fundamental role in the formation of cities. Ports evolved
where rivers flowed into the ocean or at the confluence of
major rivers; sleepy outposts at the junction of major roads
became bustling trading hubs. Although this relationship
between transportation and development has been evident
since the creation of the earliest urban societies, all
previous conceptions of the city were made obsolete by the

This paper seeks to develop estimates of
the net cost of the urban expansion in Tanzania. The paper
focuses on developing estimates of the cost of planning and
servicing land for new residential urban settlement. It does
not attempt to develop detailed estimates of the cost of
addressing infrastructure backlogs which would include the
retrofitting of basic urban infrastructure to unplanned
areas. On the revenue side, estimates of current spending in

Climate change and its consequences,
ranging from increased water variability to more extreme
weather events and from sea level rise to ecosystem changes,
introduce new challenges to transboundary watercourses,
which already face a variety of collective action problems
due to their border-crossing nature. Other changes occurring
in river basins, such as changing water-use patterns,
development of large infrastructure schemes, and changing

The report discusses the link between
climate change and cities, why cities should be concerned
about climate change and adopt early preventative policies,
and how the World Bank and other organizations can provide
further support to cities on climate change issues. The
report is one in a series of activities that explore the
nexus of cities and climate change. This report, cities and
climate change: an urgent agenda focuses on three broad

Brazil low carbon country case study was
two years in the making based on a study by the World Bank
assisted by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP)
and the Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP).
It supports Brazil's integrated effort towards reducing
national and global-emissions GHG while promoting long-term
development. It builds on the best available knowledge and
is underpinned by a broad consultative process and survey of

Six emerging economies, Brazil, China,
India, Indonesia, Mexico, and South Africa, are proactively
seeking to identify opportunities and related financial,
technical, and policy requirements to move towards a low
carbon growth path. With the help of the Energy Sector
Management Assistance Program (ESMAP), the governments of
these countries have initiated country-specific studies to
assess their development goals and priorities, in

The overall goal of this report is to
assist water resources and environment professionals within
the Bank and client countries to use Strategic environmental
assessment (SEAs) to effectively implement the principles of
Integrated water resources management (IWRM). It (a)
delineates environmental issues related IWRM; (b) identifies
opportunities for SEAs to addressing these environmental
issues; (c) uses the literature and ten Bank and non-Bank

Bogota, the capital city of Colombia, is
located near the geographic center of Colombia, 2,640 meters
(8,661 ft) sea level. It is the largest and most populous
city in the nation, with an estimated 8.2 million
inhabitants in the metropolitan area in 2007 and a
population density of 3,912 inhabitants per square
kilometer. Its economy generates 25 percent of
Colombia's total gross domestic product (GDP). The

This paper arose from the perception
that a gap existed between the practice of project design
and the formal Bank strategies for transport and urban
sectors as stated in the cited reports. Formal strategies
tend to be too general to be linked meaningfully to project
designs. The paper in hand attempts to close this gap by
putting forward a different, operationally-oriented concept
of urban transport strategy and derives one such strategy

This study, the first to concentrate on
Bangladesh's energy systems and their effects on the
lives of rural people, drew on these background studies, as
well as other World Bank-financed research on IAP and rural
infrastructure, to present a rural energy strategy for the
country. The study's broad aim was to identify ways to
improve the living standard in rural Bangladesh through
better and more efficient use of energy, while creating an