In most Developing countries only a small number of new jobs
are available in agriculture. The capital scarcity limits the
number of nonfarm jobs that can be created, because investments
costs per job are high in modern industry. Thus an effective
development policy should seek to increase the labor relative to.,
capital, to the extent that it is economically efficient.
In the Sessional Paper No. 1 of 1986 on Economic Management
for Renewed Growth, the Kenya Government notes that
historically, there has been

The objective of this report Is to take a closer look at the first of these two important issues underlying the human resources problem within the agriculture sector, and to suggest a strategy that would lead to a programme of action for guiding member states in their individual and collective efforts to achieving food self-sufficiency in the years ahead. The report begins with an over-view of the manpower situation and requirements within the sector by 1980 and what that picture could look like by the year 2000.

The main objective of the symposium was to assess the performance of Farming Systems Research (FSR) in the sub-region in terms of new knowledge generated, technical agricultural research results, research methods and techniques, multi-disciplinary practices, the participation of farmers and extension workers in the research process, and the degree of institutionalization of the approach itself. An additional objective of the symposium was to identify priority areas and themes for collaborative research projects and research funding requests in the sub-region.

The present paper was prepared as part of the work programme of food and agriculture for the 1988-1989 biennium. It constitutes element 2.4 on multinational co-operation on livestock development in Africa and it focuses on the performance of the sector in the face of government intervention and the structural adjustment programmes (SAP). The effect of the SAP on the achievement of increased collective self-sufficiency and self-reliance in animal food production and supply was given particular attention.

Carrying capacity (CC) is a term often talked about in relation to livestock in the communal areas (CAs). It is the source of much confusion. This discussion paper will hopefully clarify some of the issues and make the implications for the policy debate clearer. It is based on the preliminary findings of field work carried out in Zvisharane District during 1986 and 1987.

The Kenya Government has over a number of years pursued policies geared towards the promotion of secondary towns. Included in this strategy is the achievement of an orderly and coordinated urban land development. However, experience from these towns indicates that, planned land development has encountered a lot of bottlenecks particularly in relation to the institution of private ownership of land. This paper traces the land tenure systems that have existed in the Kenya’s secondary towns.

This analysis of global and Asian markets looks at protectionism and substitution (decline in starch trade, rise in trade of cassava feedstuffs) and the Asian regional market for cassava feedstuffs. The degree of substitution between cassava and grains has increased measurably during the postwar period. Cassava's future in world markets depends on its ability to compete with grains; so far this has depended on grain pricing policies and tariff structures of importing countries, making cassava trade more vulnerable than the international grain trade.

The basic cause of needless poverty and hunger in the rural Africa to-day is the stagnation of its main economic base - agriculture. It has settled down to a low level of equilibrium of income, saving and investment over time. Hence, most of the rural people of the region is caught in a vicious circle of a poverty trap. They are below the "absolute poverty line". The country studies show all of them are food-deficit.

Earlier (1950s - early 1970s) development planning in African countries was essentially perceived and conceived as macro-economic planning. This perception placed overriding emphasis on the projection and maximization of national economic aggregates such as the GDP, the GNP per capita income, level of employment, stability of price levels etc. as sole measures of economic development performance.