A relatively high degree of conflicts between development and developmental goals is an objective condition that one has to face in planning in large mining basins. Numerous conflicts exist: between wider public larger social interests (land occupation, removal-power production), short-term and long-term goals, specific and general aims, etc.
Guatemala was among the world’s leaders in deforestation during the 1990s at a rate of 2% per annum. Much of Guatemala’s recent forest loss has occurred in the emerging agricultural frontiers of the Maya Biosphere Reserve (MBR), the heart of the largest contiguous tropical forest in Central America—La Selva Maya.
Human activities have resulted in unprecedented phenomena and severe impacts for the 21st century such as land degradation, natural resources scarcity, climate change, and a rapid decline in biodiversity. These alterations engender secondary effects such as political conflicts, disputes over resources, social disruptions and sudden shocks of catastrophic weather events which are becoming more frequent in critical regions of the world, particularly in drylands; and exacerbate threats for human, national and international security.
The Country Environmental Analysis (CEA) for Timor-Leste identifies environmental priorities through a systematic review of environmental issues in natural resources management and environmental health in the context of the country's economic development and environmental institutions. Lack of data has been the main limitation in presenting a more rigorous analysis. Nevertheless, the report builds on the best available secondary data, presents new data on the country's wealth composition, and derives new results on the costs of water and air pollution.
In many cities of Brazil, social inequality is illustrated by violence, poverty, and unemployment located next to luxurious residential towers and armored passenger cars. In the face of this situation, the National Movement of Urban Reform encouraged the inclusion of the social function of property in Brazil's new constitution of 1988. Surface rights represent an urbanistic instrument in the city statute that is best aligned to the constitutional principles and urban policies.
Por más de dos décadas, en la Región de Aisén, en la Patagonia chilena, se vienen proponiendo modelos y estrategias de desarrollo innovadoras en busca de sustentabilidad. Estas propuestas han estado acompañadas con diversos intentos de ordenamiento territorial, aprovechando su escasa ocupación, lo cual en el último tiempo ha colisionado con intereses económicos./For over two decades, in the Aisen Region in the Chilean Patagonia, have been proposing models and innovative development strategies for sustainability.
El tratamiento de los corredores fluviales en la planificación urbanística española, y en particular madrileña, ha pasado de considerarlos como límite a la expansión urbana (S. XIX), a tratar de conferirles una función recreativa y de ocio (1920-1960), a mirarlos como espacio de oportunidad para el desarrollo urbano e industrial (1960-80) y finalmente a concebirlos como espacios a proteger del desarrollo urbano (1980-2007).
Construites à partir des années 1960 sous l’impulsion du Schéma directeur d’Aménagement et d’Urbanisme de 1965, cinq villes nouvelles ont vu le jour en région parisienne. Leur aménagement laisse entrevoir une volonté de répondre à des besoins urbains identifiés, se conjuguant parfois avec l’offre d’espaces, de services ou d’équipements envisagés alors comme novateurs. Maurepas, rattachée jusqu’en 1984 à l’agglomération nouvelle de Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, a été façonnée en partie par ces aspirations.
China's progress in poverty reduction over the last 25 years is enviable. One cannot fail to be impressed by what this vast nation of 1.3 billion people has achieved in so little time. In terms of a wide range of indicators, the progress has been remarkable. Poverty in terms of income and consumption has been dramatically reduced. Progress has also been substantial in terms of human development indicators. Most of the millennium development goals have either already been achieved or the country is well on the way to achieving them.
This paper examines determinants and consequences of migration from urban slums using panel data from two Nairobi slums. We analyze migration behavior of both adults and children. First, empirical analysis of labor market dynamics shows that schooling is complementary with experience (measured by duration in Nairobi) in slums jointly increasing the probability of migration to non-slum urban areas, and that labor-market returns to schooling and experience are low within slums.
All countries have a formal economy and an informal economy. But, on average, in developing countries the relative size of the informal sector is considerably larger than in developed countries. This paper argues that this has important implications for housing policy in developing countries. That most poor households derive their income from informal employment effectively precludes income-contingent transfers as a method of redistribution.
This paper reviews the evidence about the effects of urbanization and cities on productivity and economic growth in developing countries using a consistent theoretical framework. Just like in developed economies, there is strong evidence that cities in developing countries bolster productive efficiency. Regarding whether cities promote self-sustained growth, the evidence is suggestive but ultimately inconclusive. These findings imply that the traditional agenda of aiming to raise within-city efficiency should be continued.