Most of the world’s urban mass transit
systems cannot cover operating costs, let alone capital
expenses, through farebox revenues. On average, 25 percent
of metro operating expenditures are not funded by farebox
income. With limited public subsidies, as well as obstacles
to raising fares and political sensitivities to road user
taxes, metro systems have been increasingly pursuing income
from commercial activities connected with their operations.

The South African Institute of Race Relations said the Bill made it difficult for the compensation amount to be decided by a court, and the Bill did not allow the courts to examine and rule on the validity of the expropriation. The Bill tried to limit how often people could go to court about the amount of compensation. The IRR argued that 60 days was not enough time for the claimant to institute legal proceedings for the determination of the compensation, this should be extended to 180 days. Compensation should include damages for additional losses.

The lessons learned from the
implications of the global crisis for the Armenian economy
led the Government of Armenia to refine its approach to
economic development policy. The business environment, the
market structure, and the incentive pattern had not fostered
reallocation of resources into more productive areas or the
emergence of internationally competitive products and
services. Despite numerous initiatives and multiple efforts,

The report Africa Can Help Feed Africa
(World Bank 2012) showed that increasing food staples1
supply can be met by better connecting African markets to
each other. That report called for a stronger focus on
removing trade barriers and building on the forces of
regional integration. This report builds on the lessons of
Africa Can Help Feed Africa by looking into the specific
circum¬stances met in West Africa, home to one-third of the

Georgia has an impressive growth record
but social vulnerabilities persist. It remains a challenge
to tackle social vulnerabilities within a sustained
macroeconomic framework. This programmatic public
expenditure review (PER) assesses the alignment of selected
fiscal programs with the government’s social objectives.
Building on the analysis and recommendations of the 2014
PER, this PER analyzes the impact of recent reforms

This paper examines whether cooperative
behavior by respondents measured as contributions in a
one-shot public goods game correlates with reported
pro-forest collective action behaviors. All the outcomes
analyzed are costly in terms of time, land, or money. The
study finds significant evidence that more cooperative
individuals (or those who believe their group members will
cooperate) engage in collective action behaviors that

While scholars agree on the importance
of land rental markets for structural transformation in
rural areas, evidence on the extent and nature of their
operation, including potential obstacles to their improved
functioning, remains limited. This study uses
household-level data from six countries to start filling
this gap and derive substantive as well as methodological
lessons. The paper finds that rental markets transfer land

The Program Nasional Pemberdayaan
Masyarakat (PNPM) or National Community Empowerment Program
is the world’s largest program of its kind with long term
goals to reduce poverty by making development planning more
inclusive, accountable, and reflective of local needs. PNPM
currently covers about 70,000 rural and urban communities
across Indonesia. PNPM works by giving communities block
grants to spend on projects developed through a

Se trata de un aporte técnico para entender el contexto político, reivindicativo, pero principalmente legislativo del acceso a la tierra de sectores populares en el medio rural del Uruguay actual. El estudio parte de la intervención del Estado sobre el acceso a la tierra a través de las leyes e instrumentos complementarios a las mismas y la trama de sus aplicaciones concretas. Por lo tanto es un documento…

Este material incluye algunas estimaciones realizadas en relación a la demanda actual de tierras, la cantidad de familias sin tierras o con tierra insuficiente, informaciones del organismo de aplicación de la política de tierras en relación a sus beneficiarios, así como aspectos relevantes de la demanda de tierras a partir de la visión de las organizaciones campesinas, así como informaciones sobre…

Se presenta el estado actual de la legislación peruana sobre las tierras agrícolas y las posibilidades de que los pequeños productores, individuales y colectivos accedan a la tierra. La legislación peruana es resultado de las profundas modificaciones en los marcos institucionales y políticos vividos en las últimas décadas y por ello, se aparta de los lineamientos de los paises vecinos.

The Diagnostic Trade Integration Study
(DTIS) update identifies priority actions in support of the
Government of Sudan (GOS) commitment to increase trade and
diversify the economy. The current study builds on the
earlier 2008 DTIS by identifying the major factors holding
back the increase of agricultural exports and economic
diversification. The report identifies a package of measures
that will support Sudan to more effectively realize its