Increasing demand for food, fiber and raw materials is putting more and more pressure on (often) fragile landscapes. Today, about one-fifth of all cultivated land suffers from some form of degradation, such as salinization, deforestation, erosion, excessive fertilizer use, waterlogging and poor nutrient availability (ELD Initiative 2015). Degradation often goes hand in hand with the worst poverty, affecting the lives, health and livelihoods of hundreds of millions of people.

The terms “landscape” and “landscape approach” have been increasingly applied within the international environmental realm, with many international organizations and nongovernmental organizations using landscapes as an area of focus for addressing multiple objectives, usually related to both environmental and social goals. However, despite a wealth of literature on landscapes and landscape approaches, ideas relating to landscape approaches are diverse and often vague, resulting in ambiguous use of the terms.

The deforestation-free movement (or “zero-deforestation”) has emerged recently in a context of lower state control, globalization and pressure on corporations by nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) through consumer awareness campaigns, acknowledging the essential role of agricultural commodities in deforestation. It takes the form of commitments by corporations to ensure that the products they either produce, process, trade or retail are not linked to forest conversion.

Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) is a mitigation instrument that creates a financial value for the carbon stored in standing forests. The purpose of REDD+ is to provide incentives for developing countries to mitigate forest-related emissions and to foster conservation, sustainable management of forests and the enhancement of forest carbon stocks.

This report gives an overview of the Woodfuel Integrated Supply/Demand Overview Mapping (WISDOM) analysis carrried out under the Sustainable Forest Management and Bio-Energy Markets to Promote Environmental Sustainability and to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Cambodia (SFM) project in order to understand the viability of fuelwoodbased businesses in its target community forest (CF) sites and to assess their possible integration into an overall energy plan at the commune level.

Hand tools are the most commonly used for subsistence or household use when harvesting bamboo or fuelwood. Axes, two-man handsaws and other hand tools are presented and discussed in this factsheet.

Steep-slope harvesting probably poses the biggest challenges in forest harvesting throughout the world. Traditionally, on slopes above 30 percent, gravitational transport is applied in manual harvesting operations by simply sliding logs downhill.

This brief summarizes the different approaches for the forest inventory needed for the community forestry management plan (CF-MP) were tested to compare their accuracy and efficiency. These approaches included: a) the official method envisioned in the national community forestry guidelines, b) a new type of plot layout called the K-tree method and c) the use of the diameter at breast height (DBH) to height relationship method.

Two-wheeled manual sulkies were developed in the 1970s for use in the tropics by forest development projects of mainly Scandinavian countries. In its final development stage, a sulky with double bogie wheels was designed in 1985 in Finland and applied widely in east African countries and the Philippines under the FINNIDA APPRODEV project.

This brief outlines the lessons learned from developing CF-MPs and business plans for 30 community forestry sites in Cambodia, trial of three Alternative CF Modalities (ACFMs): Community Conservation Forestry, Community-based Production Forestry and Partnership Forestry; and implementation of four Commune Land Use Plans (CLUPs). The project ‘Strengthening Sustainable Forest Management and Bioenergy Markets to Promote Environmental Sustainability and to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Cambodia’ was implemented from April 2012 to February 2015, funded by UNDP-GEF.

Equity has featured prominently in international climate change discourse since the establishment of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 1992. Looking forward, equity is expected to be of even greater relevance in this year’s hoped for landmark climate agreement, to be finalized at the 21st Conference of the Parties (COP21) in Paris. Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) remains central in global conversations at the intersection of forest and climate change policy.

This comprehensive report is a review of the ‘Strengthening Sustainable Forest Management and Bioenergy Markets to Promote Environmental Sustainability and to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Cambodia’ (SFM) project, summarizing the technical reports prepared by the individuals and organizations involved. The Community-Based Production Forestry (CBPF) Keo Seima project was conducted over several years and made possible by the invaluable contributions of many individuals of various organizations.