Agroecology is increasingly gaining importance around the world, including in Tunisia: It is defined as a holistic approach to redesign food systems in the purpose of concurrently achieving ecological, economic, and social sustainability. In this paper, we argue that principles behind the agroecological transition of food systems can be fully aligned with the holistic approach of One Health, and we provide an early conceptualization for that.

Nature-positive solutions (NPS) seek to address the negative effects of climate change, restore biodiversity, and sustainably manage land and water resources through strategies implemented at farm and community levels, drawing on both traditional and scientific knowledge, while ensuring that agriculture stays within planetary boundaries. Given gender differences in livelihood roles, control over resources, and influence over livelihood decisions, men and women have different needs from and preferences for nature-positive solutions.

Dietary diversity is an established public health principle, and its measurement is essential for studies of diet quality and food security. However, conventional between food group scores fail to capture the nutritional variability and ecosystem services delivered by dietary richness and dissimilarity within food groups, or the relative distribution (i.e., evenness or moderation) of e.g., species or varieties across whole diets. Summarizing food biodiversity in an all-encompassing index is problematic.

With scientific and technical backstopping of CGIAR and other partners, for the first time, the Convention on Biological Diversity (GBF) has included a clear reference to the role of domesticated species diversity at the population level (Target 4), the role of agroecological approaches for the sustainable use of biodiversity in agriculture (Target 10), and has included means to monitor progress (Agrobiodiversity Index). The main users of the GBF are the member parties of the Convention on Biological Diversity.

Peatlands cover only 3–4% of the Earth’s surface, but they store nearly 30% of global soil carbon stock. This significant carbon store is under threat as peatlands continue to be degraded at alarming rates around the world. It has prompted countries worldwide to establish regulations to conserve and reduce emissions from this carbon rich ecosystem. For example, the EU has implemented new rules that mandate sustainable management of peatlands, critical to reaching the goal of carbon neutrality by 2050.

In the last 25 years, almost 50 million hectares of primary forest have been lost due to deforestation. Numerous international initiatives such as the Bonn Challenge and the New York Declaration on Forests have set ambitious goals to restore degraded and deforested lands by 2030. Realizing global commitments on forest and landscape restoration (FLR) will require the establishment of billions of trees on millions of hectares of degraded land to address the triple crisis of biodiversity loss, climate change and failing food systems.

Agroforestry-based food systems play a critical role in many dryland regions of the word, including Tunisia. These farming systems offer a range of benefits such as diversification of food and income resources for local communities, biodiversity conservation, and environmental resilience. Fig trees, olives, carob, and honey are common features of these Mediterranean agroforestry landscapes, and their produce is a traditional staple in many cuisines.

In Nicaragua, land use change and agriculture cause 80% of total greenhouse gas emissions, of which more than half are from livestock. Livestock farming occupies almost 50% of total land area and is a major cause of forestland conversion, especially in the Caribbean region covering over half of the national territory, with 89% of the country’s forests and the highest proportion of poor people.

Scientists have declared that the earth is now “well outside the safe operating space for humanity” as a result of our destruction of the natural world. A recent report was the first to assess all nine planetary boundaries and found that six have been transgressed.

This presentation is the second talk of the keynote session K4 "Global Plant Health
Assessment (GPHA)". The overall results pertaining to the assessment of the impact of disease
on ecosystem services (provisioning, regulating, and cultural) and its evolution over the last 10 years
has been outlined. Specific results for a limited number of Plant Systems (rice, potato, peri‐urban
horticulture and household gardens, softwood forests, and oak forests) has been described in more

Global seed transfers through trade, and collection and distribution of genetic resources by
genebanks are important pathways for the transboundary spread of seed-borne pests,
especially viruses that the insect vectors can further transmit upon introduction. Various
phytosanitary procedures, including the IPPC International Standard Phytosanitary
Measures, have been established to minimize the risk of seed transmission and provide
access to quality seeds crucial for food production and biodiversity conservation. This

Abstract Plant-based animal product alternatives are increasingly promoted to achieve more sustainable diets. Here, we use a global economic land use model to assess the food system-wide impacts of a global dietary shift towards these alternatives. We find a substantial reduction in the global environmental impacts by 2050 if globally 50% of the main animal products (pork, chicken, beef and milk) are substituted—net reduction of forest and natural land is almost fully halted and agriculture and land use GHG emissions decline by 31% in 2050 compared to 2020.