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The United Kingdom has historically played a leading role in developing parliamentary democracy and in advancing literature and science. At its zenith in the 19th century, the British Empire stretched over one-fourth of the earth's surface. The first half of the 20th century saw the UK's strength seriously depleted in two world wars and the Irish Republic's withdrawal from the union. The second half witnessed the dismantling of the Empire and the UK rebuilding itself into a modern and prosperous European nation. As one of five permanent members of the UN Security Council and a founding member of NATO and the Commonwealth, the UK pursues a global approach to foreign policy. The Scottish Parliament, the National Assembly for Wales, and the Northern Ireland Assembly were established in 1999. The latter was suspended until May 2007 due to wrangling over the peace process, but devolution was fully completed in March 2010.


The UK was an active member of the EU from 1973 to 2016, although it chose to remain outside the Economic and Monetary Union. However, frustrated by a remote bureaucracy in Brussels and massive migration into the country, UK citizens on 23 June 2016 narrowly voted to leave the EU. The so-called “Brexit” will take years to carry out but could be the signal for referenda in other EU countries where skepticism of EU membership benefits is strong.

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Countryside Access (Dedication of Land as Access Land) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. No. 135 (W. Countryside Access (Exclusion or Restriction of Access) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. No. 142 (W. 14)) of 2003).

Regulations
United Kingdom
Europe
Northern Europe

Under Chapter II of Part I of the Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000, the right of access conferred by section 2(1) of the Act to any land may be excluded or restricted. Under sections 23 and 32 of the Act, the National Assembly for Wales has the power to make regulations to provide for the steps to be taken to bring those exclusions or restrictions into operation. Sections 29 and 30 of the Act provide for an appeal to be brought against certain decisions relating to exclusions and restrictions of access.

Assured Tenancies and Agricultural Occupancies (Forms) (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. No. 307 (W. 46) of 2003).

Regulations
United Kingdom
Europe
Northern Europe

These Regulations amend the Assured Tenancies and Agricultural Occupancies (Forms) Regulations 1997 by prescribing two new forms for use by landlords of premises in Wales when proposing a new rent under section 13(2) of the Housing Act. The first new form, numbered 4D, is for use by landlords proposing, under section 13(2), a new rent for an assured periodic tenancy. The second new form, numbered 4E, is for use by landlords or licensors proposing, under section 13(2), a new rent or licence fee for an assured agricultural tenancy.

Town and Country Planning (Enforcement) (Written Representations Procedure) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 395 (W. 54) of 2003).

Regulations
United Kingdom
Europe
Northern Europe

These Regulations lay down the procedure and time limits in connection with appeals against enforcement notices pursuant to section 174 of the Town and Country Planning Act 1990 and section 39 of the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 which confer a right of appeal against an enforcement notice, a listed building enforcement notice and a conservation area enforcement notice, respectively, on a person having an interest in the land to which the enforcement notice relates or who is a relevant occupier.

Countryside Access (Dedication of Land as Access Land) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. No. 135 (W. 9) of 2003).

Regulations
United Kingdom
Europe
Northern Europe

Section 16 of the Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000 enables a person who holds an interest in land (being a freehold interest or a leasehold interest of which not less than 90 years remain unexpired) to dedicate that land as "access land" for the purposes of Part I of the Act.

Town and Country Planning (Referrals and Appeals) (Written Representations Procedure) (Wales) Regulations 2003 (S.I. 390 (W. 52) of 2003).

Regulations
United Kingdom
Europe
Northern Europe

These Regulations lay down the procedure and time limits in connection with the determination of an: (a) application which has been referred to the National Assembly for Wales under section 77 of the Town and Country Planning Act 1990; (b) appeal under section 78 of the Planning Act (including where that section has been applied to tree preservation orders); (c) several other specified legal actions.