Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new ROMANOV Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. Repeated devastating defeats of the Russian army in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the imperial household. The communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the USSR. The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened communist rule and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. After defeating Germany in World War II as part of an alliance with the US (1939-1945), the USSR expanded its territory and influence in Eastern Europe and emerged as a global power. The USSR was the principal adversary of the US during the Cold War (1947-1991). The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the decades following Stalin’s rule, until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism, but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991 splintered the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent republics.
Following economic and political turmoil during President Boris YELTSIN's term (1991-99), Russia shifted toward a centralized authoritarian state under the leadership of President Vladimir PUTIN (2000-2008, 2012-present) in which the regime seeks to legitimize its rule through managed elections, populist appeals, a foreign policy focused on enhancing the country's geopolitical influence, and commodity-based economic growth. Russia faces a largely subdued rebel movement in Chechnya and some other surrounding regions, although violence still occurs throughout the North Caucasus.
Russia is a semi-presidential federation.
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Displaying 351 - 355 of 1046Regional Law No. 460-OZ “On municipal land control”.
This Regional Law establishes the modalities of performance of municipal land control by local government. Municipal land control shall be conducted in the form of ordinary and extraordinary inspections of legal persona and individual entrepreneurs. The subject of inspection shall be checking data and information contained in the documentation related to land tenure. The scope of inspection shall be to control compliance by land tenant with compulsory legislative requirements related to land tenure. Municipal land control shall be performed in accordance with the annual plans.
Regional Law No. 522-OZ amending Regional Law No. 278-OZ “On turnover of agricultural land”.
Article 3 shall be amended to add the following wording: “The following land areas of agricultural land (maximum and minimum) out of stock of public or municipal land to be allotted to farmers shall be established: (a) minimum agricultural land area – 5ha; (b) maximum land areas: 20 ha (in case of land tenure free of charge); 500 ha in case of allotment on lease or for payment, except for cases envisaged by the federal legislation”.
Amends: Regional Law No. 278-OZ “On turnover of agricultural land”. (2009-06-04)
Regional Law No. 117-ZKO “On delimitation of plenary powers between state bodies in the sphere of land relations”.
This Regional Law delimits plenary powers between regional state bodies. Regional Legislative Assembly shall have the following competence: (a) law-making and enforcement of legislation in the sphere of land relations; (b) establishment of cases of allotment of land plots free of charge to citizens, grounds for refusal of such allotment and minimum and maximum dimensions of land area destined for such allotment; and (c) establishment of the modalities for transfer of land to the category of protected areas.
Regional Law No. 470-OZ amending Regional Law No. 208-OZ “On guarantees of rights of indigenous peoples”.
Article 12 shall be amended to add the following wording: “Indigenous peoples, communities thereof, and single persons pertaining to indigenous peoples shall have the right to compensation of damages caused to their traditional environment by economic activities of organizations and natural persons”.
Amends: Regional Law No. 208-OZ “On guarantees of rights of indigenous peoples”. (2009-03-06)
Regional Law No. 124-OZ “On municipal land control”.
This Regional Law establishes the modalities of performance of municipal land control by local government. Municipal land control shall be conducted in the form of ordinary and extraordinary inspections of legal persona and individual entrepreneurs. The subject of inspection shall be checking data and information contained in the documentation related to land tenure. The scope of inspection shall be to control compliance by land tenant with compulsory legislative requirements related to land tenure. Municipal land control shall be performed in accordance with the annual plans.