The collective model of the household predicts that bargaining power determines the share of resources allocated to an individual within the household. The concept of bargaining power is elusive, however. It is perhaps useful at this point to outline the possible determinants of bargaining power, while not making any claims to measure power itself.
Most economic research treats the household as a single agent, assuming that individuals within the household share the same preferences or that there is a household “head” who has the final say. This simple framework has proved immensely useful; despite a common misperception, it can explain many differences in well-being or consumption patterns within households.
Economists who analyze household decisionmaking allocation have traditionally assumed that the household acts as a single unit. They assume that there exists one decisionmaker whose preferences form the basis of household welfare and that all household resources are effectively pooled. This approach is known as the “unitary model,” the “common preference model,” or the “joint family utility model,” depending on the study consulted.
This book synthesizes IFPRI's recent work on the role of gender in household decisionmaking in developing countries, provides evidence on how reducing gender gaps can contribute to improved food security, health, and nutrition in developing countries, and gives examples of interventions that actually work to reduce gender disparities. It is an accessible, easy-to-read synthesis of the gender research that IFPRI has undertaken in the 1990s.
Tem havido várias iniciativas de elaboração de programas de desenvolvimento agrário, a nível internacional e nacional. São exemplos, o New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD), a Revolução Verde Africana (RVA), o Plano Estratégico de Desenvolvimento do Sector Agrário (PEDSA) o Plano Nacional de Investimento do Sector Agrário (PNISA) e, recentemente, no âmbito do G8, a Nova Aliança contra a Pobreza.
La définitio n de mécanismes app ropriés à la lu tte contre les activités illé gales et la corruption dans le sec t eur forestier dev rait constituer un des fondements des réformes législativ es entreprises par une majorité de pays africains. Ce nouveau cadre juridique est une des conditions préalables à la gestion durable des ressources forestières . Les principales caractéristiques des nouvelles lois sont une reconnaiss ance des valeurs sociales, écono miques et environnementales et leur intégration dans les object ifs de la gestion durable des forêts.
In the first part of this paper the role of the core principles in three different scenarios will be discussed. The first is a setting where a shared watercourse, but no specific treaty exists; the second, where a treaty is in the process of being negotiated; and the third where an agreement over the shared resource is in force. The second par t of the paper will look in detail at the normative content of each principle, its reflection in specific watercourse agreements and its implementation by joint bodies.
Land policy and the proposed land tenure reforms of Government have important implications for the development of the agriculture sector in Zambia. The purpose of this report is to ‘identify the critical issues that will need to be assessed further if DFID decides to offer support to the agricultural sector.’
De steeds scherpere randvoorwaarden die t.a.v. emissie van mineralen en middelen naar het milieu worden gesteld, vragen om de ontwikkeling van duurzame bloembollenteelt. Om aan diverse eisen tegemoet te komen zullen bloembollenbedrijven hun bestaande bedrijfsvoering moeten aanpassen ten behoeve van duurzaamheidseisen. Deze publicatie richt zich op de probleemanalyse aan de hand van een aantal hoofdthema's: emissie naar het milieu, ruimtelijke ordening, natuurontwikkeling en waterproblematiek.
A sterilization control of paper impregnated with spores of the heat-resistant organism, Bacillus stearothermophilus, and specific culture media in a dehydrated state is described. When suspended in distilled water, the media will elute from the test strip and support the growth of surviving bacteria. The necessity of preparing media for culturing the controls is eliminated.
The ten years following the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (Rio de Janeiro, 1992) have been years of intense activity in the reformation of national and international laws. Over the last decade, sustainable developmetn has become a universal watchword, and a major catalyst for the reorientation of legal texts. Profound legal changes have been triggered by the transformation of socialist economies and the accelerating globalization of trade and economy.
Han transcurrido 17 años desde la iniciación, en 1985, del conjunto de procesos nacionales de programación y ejecución de actividades forestales que contribuyen al desarrollo sostenible, conocido en un comienzo como los Planes de Acción Forestal Tropical (PAFT), y posteriormente, en 1992, con la revisión del marco inicial como los Programas de Acción Forestal Nacional (PAFN). Sucesivos esfuerzos para fortalecer esos procesos, superando sus iniciales deficiencias, dieron lugar a la estructuración de los programas forestales nacionales.