Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new ROMANOV Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. Repeated devastating defeats of the Russian army in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the imperial household. The communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the USSR. The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened communist rule and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. After defeating Germany in World War II as part of an alliance with the US (1939-1945), the USSR expanded its territory and influence in Eastern Europe and emerged as a global power. The USSR was the principal adversary of the US during the Cold War (1947-1991). The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the decades following Stalin’s rule, until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism, but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991 splintered the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent republics.
Following economic and political turmoil during President Boris YELTSIN's term (1991-99), Russia shifted toward a centralized authoritarian state under the leadership of President Vladimir PUTIN (2000-2008, 2012-present) in which the regime seeks to legitimize its rule through managed elections, populist appeals, a foreign policy focused on enhancing the country's geopolitical influence, and commodity-based economic growth. Russia faces a largely subdued rebel movement in Chechnya and some other surrounding regions, although violence still occurs throughout the North Caucasus.
Russia is a semi-presidential federation.
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Displaying 576 - 580 of 1046Regional Law No. 27-RZ “On the particulars of turnover of agricultural land”.
This Law regulates relations concerning ownership, land tenure, and disposal of agricultural land. It establishes terms and conditions for allotment of plots of agricultural land pertaining to state and municipal property, and also the modalities of expropriation thereof in regional and municipal ownership. Agricultural land shall be used exclusively for agricultural production. Privatization of agricultural land, pertaining to regional of municipal property, shall be authorizeв 49 years after entry into force of this Regional Law, except for distant (outrun) pastures.
Regional Law No. 48-Z “On regulation of relations in the sphere of turnover of agricultural land”.
This Regional Law regulates relations in the sphere of turnover of agricultural land, including privatization thereof that shall be performed within the period of three years from the date of entry into force of this legislative act. Minimum land area of agricultural land plots authorized for transactions shall be established by the local government, varying from one to ten hectares and maximum agricultural land area that can be owned by a single natural or legal person shall not exceed ten percent of total available agricultural land area.
Regional Law No. 200 “On turnover of agricultural land”.
This Regional Law regulates relations concerning ownership, tenure and disposal of plots agricultural land and also land share in common property. Maximum agricultural land plot area that can be owned by a single household of by a single legal person within a single administrative unit shall not exceed ten percent of total available agricultural land area. It also establishes that minimum agricultural land plot authorized for allotment for agricultural production shall be established within average allotment rate set forth for each municipal district.
Regional Law No. 16-GD “On cadastre registration of plots of land”.
This Regional Law regulates the issues of preparation, elaboration and location of plots of land on cadastre scheme or cadastre map on the respective territory. It shall be applicable to: (a) public or municipal land allotted for housing construction; (b) public or municipal land destined for sale; (c) public agricultural land allotted for peasant and family farming. Cadastre scheme shall contain boundaries of plots of land, land area, location and “validated” print.
Regional Law No. 30-RZ “On some issues of conservation of the regional objects of cultural heritage”.
This Regional Law establishes plenary powers of regional state bodies in the sphere of conservation, management, promotion and state protection of regional objects of cultural heritage.