Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new ROMANOV Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. Repeated devastating defeats of the Russian army in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the imperial household. The communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the USSR. The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened communist rule and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. After defeating Germany in World War II as part of an alliance with the US (1939-1945), the USSR expanded its territory and influence in Eastern Europe and emerged as a global power. The USSR was the principal adversary of the US during the Cold War (1947-1991). The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the decades following Stalin’s rule, until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism, but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991 splintered the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent republics.
Following economic and political turmoil during President Boris YELTSIN's term (1991-99), Russia shifted toward a centralized authoritarian state under the leadership of President Vladimir PUTIN (2000-2008, 2012-present) in which the regime seeks to legitimize its rule through managed elections, populist appeals, a foreign policy focused on enhancing the country's geopolitical influence, and commodity-based economic growth. Russia faces a largely subdued rebel movement in Chechnya and some other surrounding regions, although violence still occurs throughout the North Caucasus.
Russia is a semi-presidential federation.
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Displaying 581 - 585 of 1046Regional Law No. 30-RZ “On some issues of conservation of the regional objects of cultural heritage”.
This Regional Law establishes plenary powers of regional state bodies in the sphere of conservation, management, promotion and state protection of regional objects of cultural heritage.
Regional Law No. 763-OZ “On allotment of plots of land on the regional territory”.
This Regional Law regulates the issues of allotment free of charge of public land plots pertaining to the regional or municipal public land stock in ownership or on lease to natural and legal persons, but also in cases envisaged by Land Code of the Russian Federation in permanent (open-ended) tenancy to legal persons and to natural and legal persons in tenancy or lease free of charge or for fee.
Regional Law No. 154-ZO “On regulation of land relations”.
This Regional Law regulates relations dealing with land tenure, protection and conservation of land, establishing plenary powers of regional state bodies in this sphere. It establishes minimum and maximum (150 ha) public and municipal land areas for plots of land allotted for family farming, and minimum (0, 5 ha) of agricultural land plots allotted in ownership for family farming. Single natural or legal persons cannot have in ownership more than 10 percent of the whole available agricultural land area on the regional territory.
Regional Law No. 1743-OZ “On regulation of land relations”.
This Regional Law regulates relations dealing with land tenure, protection and conservation of land, establishing plenary powers of regional state bodies in this sphere. It establishes minimum (0, 04 ha) and maximum (100 ha) public and municipal land areas for plots of land allotted for family farming, and minimum (0, 04 ha) of consolidated plots of agricultural land. Single natural or legal persons cannot have in ownership more than 20 percent of the whole available agricultural land area on the regional territory.
Regional Law No. 31-oz amending Regional Law No. 52-oz “On turnover of agricultural land”.
Article 3.1 shall be amended to add the following wording: “Determination of land area as land share with the consideration of the state and the soil properties of agricultural land in accordance with land survey documentation”.
Amends: Regional Law No. 52-oz “On turnover of agricultural land”. (2003-10-10)