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Russia

Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new ROMANOV Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. Repeated devastating defeats of the Russian army in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the imperial household. The communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the USSR. The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened communist rule and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. After defeating Germany in World War II as part of an alliance with the US (1939-1945), the USSR expanded its territory and influence in Eastern Europe and emerged as a global power. The USSR was the principal adversary of the US during the Cold War (1947-1991). The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the decades following Stalin’s rule, until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism, but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991 splintered the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent republics.

Following economic and political turmoil during President Boris YELTSIN's term (1991-99), Russia shifted toward a centralized authoritarian state under the leadership of President Vladimir PUTIN (2000-2008, 2012-present) in which the regime seeks to legitimize its rule through managed elections, populist appeals, a foreign policy focused on enhancing the country's geopolitical influence, and commodity-based economic growth. Russia faces a largely subdued rebel movement in Chechnya and some other surrounding regions, although violence still occurs throughout the North Caucasus.

Russia is a semi-presidential federation.

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Displaying 866 - 870 of 1046

Regional Law No. 278-OZ “On turnover of agricultural land”.

Legislation
Rusia
Europa oriental
Europa

This Regional Law regulates relations concerning ownership, tenancy and disposal of land parcels and land shares of agricultural land located on the regional territory. State bodies and local government must perform rational land-use planning of agricultural land and protection thereof with a view of: (a) ensuring the right of citizens to favourable environment; (b) ensuring sustainable land tenure; (c) improvement of soil fertility; and (d) ensuring sustainable economic development of the producers of agricultural commodities.

Regional Law No. 454-OZ “On expropriation of land plots, including repayment, for public and municipal needs”.

Legislation
Rusia
Europa oriental
Europa

This Regional Law regulates relations concerning expropriation of land plots, including repayment, for public and municipal needs. Parties of this Regional Law shall be Regional Government, local self-government, natural and legal persons – landowners, tenants, land holders, land tenants, land lease holders and other persons concerned.

Regional Law No. 422-OZ “On allocation of land parcels in ownership to citizens free of charge”.

Legislation
Rusia
Europa oriental
Europa

This Regional Law establishes the modalities of allocation of parcels of public land to citizens free of charge for gardening, horticulture and stockbreeding, and establishes minimum and maximum land area of the aforesaid parcels. It establishes that regional resident – natural person that has never had nor has parcel of agricultural land in ownership for subsistence farming, gardening or horticulture, shall be granted the right to receive in ownership a land parcel for each of the aforesaid purposes once-only.

Ministerial Decree No. 1435 validating the Regulation on Federal State Supervision in the Sphere of Geodesy and Cartography.

Regulations
Rusia
Europa oriental
Europa

This Ministerial Decree establishes the modalities of carrying out federal state supervision in the sphere of geodesy and cartography (geodetic survey) by the officials of Federal State Supervision in the Sphere of Geodesy and Cartography.

Regional Law No. 68-ZS amending Regional Law No. 8-ZS “On regulation of some issues related to turnover of agricultural land”.

Legislation
Rusia
Europa oriental
Europa

Article 3.1 shall be amended to add the following wording: “Dispute settlement related to dimensions of agricultural land area and location of the boundaries thereof shall be resolved in court”.

Amends: Regional Law No. 8-ZS “On regulation of some issues related to turnover of agricultural land”. (2007-07-10)