With deforestation and other land uses accounting for 11 percent of annual global greenhouse gas emissions, the international community agrees on the need to address deforestation as an important component of climate change. Community forests represent a vital opportunity to curbing climate change that has been undervalued. Today communities have legal or official rights to at least 513 million hectares of forests, only about one eighth of the world’s total, comprising 37.7 billion tonnes of carbon.

This report describes efforts by the
ClimateWorks Foundation and the World Bank to quantify the
multiple economic, social, and environmental benefits
associated with policies and projects to reduce emissions in
select sectors and regions. The report has three objectives:
1) to develop a holistic, adaptable framework to capture and
measure the multiple benefits of reducing emissions of
several pollutants; 2) to demonstrate how local and national

The dynamism of air traffic markets in
the Middle East obscures the persistence of restrictions on
international competition. But how important are such
restrictions for passenger traffic? This paper uses detailed
data on worldwide passenger aviation to estimate the effect
of air transport policy on international air traffic. The
policy variable is a quantitative measure of the commitments
under international agreements. The paper analyzes, for the

This paper investigates the effect of
carbon or gasoline taxes on commuting-related CO2 emissions
in an urban context. To assess the impact of public
transport on the efficiency of the tax, the paper
investigates two exogenous scenarios using a dynamic urban
model (NEDUM-2D) calibrated for the urban area of Paris: (i)
a scenario with the current dense public transport
infrastructure, and (ii) a scenario without. It is shown

While the real sector and governments
(along with a few micro economists) have long recognized the
core economic role that the insurance function plays, the
mainstream economics profession has largely treated it as
invisible background. This literature review of the relevant
research, most of which has been carried out in the past few
decades, demonstrates that the insurance sector contributes
at a basic level to inclusive economic growth and the

Climate change is one of the greatest challenges facing the world today and the individuals and communities who face being displaced from their homes and lands as a result of climate change are the human faces of this tragedy. Bangladesh is one of the countries most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. The IPCC and other expert bodies have repeatedly identified Bangladesh as one of the countries most threatened by climate change.

The UNFCCC framework asks countries to include a national REDD+ institutional framework with certain key elements, many of which will draw on existing legal frameworks. For example, as part of their national strategies and action plans (discussed above), countries are requested to address. land tenure issues:1 The importance of land tenure for regulating land use and assigning benefits from REDD+ has been widely noted. Nonetheless, clarifying and then administering land tenure is a complicated issue that presents a challenge for many countries.

The training manual on improving grassroots equity in the forests and climate change context, aims to develop the knowledge and capacity needed among grassroots facilitators to implement genuinely participatory processes for improving grassroots equity in forest-based climate change policy frameworks, mechanisms and initiatives.

Economic, agronomic, and biophysical
drivers affect global land use, so all three influences need
to be considered in evaluating economically optimal
allocations of the world's land resources. A dynamic,
forward-looking optimization framework applied over the
course of the coming century shows that although some
deforestation is optimal in the near term, in the absence of
climate change regulation, the desirability of further

Biochar is the carbon-rich organic
matter that remains after heating biomass under the
minimization of oxygen during a process called pyrolysis.
There are a number of reasons why biochar systems may be
particularly relevant in developing-country contexts. This
report offers a review of what is known about opportunities
and risks of biochar systems. Its aim is to provide a
state-of-the-art overview of current knowledge regarding

This paper uses resource-based cereal
equivalent measures to explore the evolution of China's
demand and supply for food. Although demand for food
calories is probably close to its peak level in China, the
ongoing dietary shift to animal-based foods, induced by
income growth, is likely to impose considerable pressure on
agricultural resources. Estimating the relationship between
income growth and food demand with data from a wide range of