This paper analyzes the effects of land
market restrictions on structural change from agriculture to
non-farm in a rural economy. This paper develops a
theoretical model that focuses on higher migration costs due
to restrictions on alienability, and identifies the
possibility of a reverse structural change where the share
of nonagricultural employment declines. The reverse
structural change can occur under plausible conditions: if

En las últimas décadas se han producido cambios significativos en los esquemas de asentamiento de la población, si bien las ciudades millonarias siguen siendo importantes desde el punto de vista de la concentración de la población, no debemos dejar de destacar el protagonismo que están adquiriendo en este sentido las ciudades intermedias, como consecuencia, éstas comienzan a comprender la necesidad de desarrollar sus propias estrategias de desarrollo, entre las cuales se destacan las inversiones empresariales y de capital humano de origen local y/o regional.

In Tanzania like in other parts of the global South, in the name of 'development' and 'poverty eradication' vast tracts of land have been earmarked by the government to be developed by investors for different commercial agricultural projects, giving rise to the contested land grab phenomenon. In parallel, Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM ) has been promoted in the country and globally as the governance framework that seeks to manage water resources in an efficient, equitable and sustainable manner.

El presente trabajo se propone contribuir al estudio de los condicionamientos actuales a la planificación del desarrollo nacional en países petroleros, a partir de un análisis de los cambios ocurridos, durante las últimas décadas, en la organización de la industria petrolera. Nos referimos particularmente al proceso de internacionalización de compañías nacionales y sus efectos en la capacidad de los gobiernos propietarios de establecer mecanismos de apropiación y distribución de renta petrolera.

The use of the phrase, ‘political
economy’ originates in Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations and is
also found in the writings of David Ricardo and Karl Marx.
What is presently understood as ‘economics’ was, at that
time, termed ‘political economy’. This was understood to
mean ‘conditions of production organization in
nation-states’ (Acemoglu and Robinson, 2012, Beuran,
Raballand and Kapoor, 2011). Venerable scholars such as

The objective of this paper is to synthesize the findings of six individual case studies (Bucaramanga, Colombia; Coimbatore, India; Kigali, Rwanda; Gaziantep, Turkey; Changsha, China; and Tangier, Morocco) by analyzing the similarities and dissimilarities among them and identifying common, cross-cutting themes. The intent is to highlight what institutions and strategies successful cities have relied on to spur
economic development, under what conditions such success has occurred, and what lessons of this experience might be applicable to decision makers in other cities.

Landlocked developing countries (LLDCs) are disadvantaged in a myriad of ways and they have special needs which require special attention. Challenges such as undiversified economies, vulnerability to climate change and climate variability, land degradation and desertification, among others, are undermining the economic potential of many LLDCs. This has been exacerbated by weak export base of many LLDCs centered on a few primary agricultural and/ or mineral commodities.