En pocas palabras, la escasez de agua tiene lugar cuando la demanda supera el suministro de agua dulce en un área determinada. Escasez de agua = un exceso de demanda de agua para el suministro disponible Esta situación aparece como consecuencia de una elevada demanda agregada por parte de todos los sectores que consumen agua respecto al suministro disponible, bajo las condiciones de infraestructuras y las disposiciones institucionales existentes.

الهدف من شارات التحدي الخاصة بالأمم المتحدة هو رفع الوعي وتعليم وتحفيز الشباب لتغيير سلوكهم وأن يصبحوا وكلاء التغيير في مجتمعاتهم المحلية. وشارات التحدي ملائمة للاستخدام في الفصول المدرسية ومجموعات الشباب وهي مُعتَمدة من الرابطة العالمية للمرشدات وفتيات الكشافة والمنظمة العالمية للحركة الكشفية. وتتضمن شارات التحدي مجموعة واسعة من الأنشطة والأفكار التي يُمكن للمدرسين وقادة المجموعات تعديلها بسهولة. وهناك شارات أخرى متاحة أو جاري إعدادها في عدد من الموضوعات التي تشمل: الزراعة والتنوع ا لبيولوجي وتغير المناخ والطاقة والغابات والجوع والتغذية والمحيط والتربة.

Research objective is to design an appropriated community participation process on watershed management for reduce conflicts in natural resources utilization of local community at Kon watershed, Nan province. Participatory Action Research (PAR) was applied in this form the Core Planning Team (CPT) and to arrange participatory workshop with stakeholders. The results show that the major problems at Kon watershed are unsuitable land use, forest degradation, soil erosion, and conflict on watershed resources utilization.

The demand for agricultural products (food, feed, fibre, and biomass for other purposes) produced in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) will increase for the coming decades. In addition, the global climate change will largely impact on the agricultural sector in Sub-Saharan Africa. Major challenges for the agricultural sector in SSA are that agricultural production systems depend on resources that are for a large part non-renewable, and that the current agricultural practices in SSA are major contributors to environmental degradation.

Use and retention of river water in African highlands deprive communities in arid lowlands of their benefits. This paper reviews information on water use in the Ewaso Ng’iro catchment, Kenya, to evaluate the effects of upstream abstraction on the Lorian Swamp, a wetland used by pastoralists downstream. We first assess the abstractions and demands for water upstream and the river water supplies at the upper and the lower end of the Lorian Swamp.

Low water use efficiency is a challenge to crop production in Sub-Sahara African countries. Water is getting continuously scarce due to increased demand and shrinking availability induced mainly by climate change. As agriculture is the major consumer of water, improving crop water productivity is among the ways of overcoming the challenge. Crop production under rainfed system is the major livelihood strategy for smallholder farmers in Ethiopia.

In Ethiopia, soil erosion during the rainy season constitutes a sever threat to the national economy. The study site, head of the Abay basin is among the heavily affected areas, which is a peril for the crop water productivity. Most studies conducted in the country are focused on quantification of sediment and lack of specific information about temporal and spatial variability of sediment and its associated plant nutrients loss.