Reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD ) should focus on places where such emissions occur. Protected Areas (PAs) are, in theory, protected and hence, should have no emissions associated with land use/land cover change. In practice rotection is incomplete. Can PAs be included in REDD schemes? Can 'paper parks' be included that exist on paper rather than in reality? How concrete should threats be before we call carbon (C) protection 'additional'? The dilemma may be more manageable if protected areas are included in a broader landscape approach to REDD.

The purpose of the present Law is to achieve the objectives and principles of federal and cantonal legislation in the field of land use planning and construction. The text consists of 127 articles divided into 8 Parts as follows: General provisions (1); Land use planning (2); Development (3); Land consolidation and boundary adjustment (4); Measures to promote the availability of land (5); Building regulations (6); Procedural provisions, administrative enforcement and penalties (7); Transitional and final provisions (8).

(*) Ismael Guzmán
 
Entre julio y septiembre del presente año Bolivia vivió, paso a paso, en un dramático suspenso, el recorrido de seiscientos kilómetros de la VIII Marcha protagonizada por los pueblos indígenas de las tierras bajas del país, demandando que una carretera destinada a unir los departamentos de Beni y Cochabamba no atraviese el Territorio Indígena Parque Nacional Isiboro Sécure (TIPNIS). Luego de tensas negociaciones, en La Paz, el presidente Evo Morales promulgó una Ley que suspendía el tramo, pero no todo estaba dicho...

The purpose of this Agreement is to create a transboundary biosphere reserve "West Polesie", consisting of three national biosphere reserves, and cooperation on protection and sustainable development of the region in conformity with UNESCO's "Man and the Biosphere" (MAB) program. The Parties shall promote cooperation in the field of protection and sustainable use of biological and landscape diversity of the transboundary biosphere reserve "Western Polesie”.

El documento describe la marcha por la defensa del Territorio Indígena y Parque Nacional Isiboro Sécure (TIPNIS) más allá de la carretera y de sus impactos ambientales y políticos, hoy como antaño, una parte del país se niega a entender la historia,los derechos y las alternativas del pueblo mojeño.

This Act provides for the establishment of the Protected Areas Commission, the Protected Areas Trust and a Trust Fund and empowers the Minister to declare national protected areas. It applies to the territorial sea, exclusive economic zone, fishery zone and continental shelf as defined in the Maritime Zones Act 2010. The Act alos provides with respect to the National Protected Areas System and allows village councils to apply to the Commission for village lands or any part thereof to be recognised as an Amerindian protected area.

Mongolia has very significant natural resources and a large part of the population is dependent on them for their daily living. The impact of the state of the environment on the living standards of herders is obvious, but also Mongolians living in the capital Ulaanbaatar have learned that air pollution, especially in winter, and other environmental problems have a deep impact on their living standards. The Government of the Netherlands has established a Trust Fund at the World Bank to support environmental activities in Mongolia.

This report, Strengthening Management of Natural and Cultural Heritage Assets to Scale-up Tourism and Stimulate Local Economic Opportunity was prepared in March 2011.

This paper argues for the need to make protected areas more directly relevant in the light of climate change. This includes the contribution of protected areas towards sustainable livelihoods, the provision of ecosystem services, and ensuring climate mitigation, resilience, and adaptation. The author advocates for mainstreaming protected area planning into sectors such as transportation and energy, reviewing the economic importance of protected areas while addressing climate-related concerns, and ensuring that protected areas form an integral part of climate adaptation efforts.

National parks are often places where people have previously lived and worked-they have been formed by a combination of natural and human processes that embody an identifiable history of cultural and political values. Conservation of protected areas is primarily about how we perceive such landscapes, how we place differential values on different landscape components, and who gets to decide on these values. Thus, conservation has been and still is very much about issues of power and environmental justice.

National parks are often places where people have previously lived and worked-they have been formed by a combination of natural and human processes that embody an identifiable history of cultural and political values. Conservation of protected areas is primarily about how we perceive such landscapes, how we place differential values on different landscape components, and who gets to decide on these values. Thus, conservation has been and still is very much about issues of power and environmental justice.