Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new ROMANOV Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. Repeated devastating defeats of the Russian army in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the imperial household. The communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the USSR. The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened communist rule and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. After defeating Germany in World War II as part of an alliance with the US (1939-1945), the USSR expanded its territory and influence in Eastern Europe and emerged as a global power. The USSR was the principal adversary of the US during the Cold War (1947-1991). The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the decades following Stalin’s rule, until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism, but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991 splintered the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent republics.
Following economic and political turmoil during President Boris YELTSIN's term (1991-99), Russia shifted toward a centralized authoritarian state under the leadership of President Vladimir PUTIN (2000-2008, 2012-present) in which the regime seeks to legitimize its rule through managed elections, populist appeals, a foreign policy focused on enhancing the country's geopolitical influence, and commodity-based economic growth. Russia faces a largely subdued rebel movement in Chechnya and some other surrounding regions, although violence still occurs throughout the North Caucasus.
Russia is a semi-presidential federation.
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Displaying 616 - 620 of 1046Regional Law No. 214-z amending Regional Law No. 120-z "On land reclamation".
Article 1 shall be amended to add the following wording: “Land reclamation systems of common management shall be considered land reclamation systems in common ownership of two or more persons transferred for common management to more than one natural or legal persons and also protection forest belts that are necessary for the needs of the aforesaid persons”.
Amends: Regional Law No. 120-z "On land reclamation". (2010-12-01)
Regional Law No. 1877-OZ amending Regional Law No. 1005-OZ “On allotment of land plots free of charge to citizens”.
Article 3 shall be amended to add the following wording: “Citizen interested in allotment of land plots free of charge shall submit to the competent regional executive body written application on allotment in ownership of land plots free of charge containing indication of land area, place of location and intended use”.
Amends: Regional Law No. 1005-OZ “On allotment of land plots free of charge to citizens”. (2008-06-06)
Regional Law No. 3154-KZ amending Regional Law No. 532-KZ “On regulation of land relations”.
Article 4 shall be amended to add the following wording: “Supreme Regional executive body shall be responsible for issuance of permits for works causing soil disturbance”.
Amends: Regional Law No. 532-KZ “On regulation of land relations”. (2009-07-23)
Regional Law No. 654-5-ZKO amending Regional Law No. 172-ZKO “On turnover of agricultural land”.
Article 2 shall be amended to add the following wording: “The Regional Law shall not be applicable to cases of allotment of agricultural land for garage construction even if the current legislation envisages such uses of agricultural land”.
Amends: Regional Law No. 172-ZKO “On turnover of agricultural land”. (2008-12-03)
Regional Law No. 3620-OZ amending Regional Law No. 1927-OZ “On delimitation of plenary powers between state bodies related to land tenure and land protection”.
Article 2 shall be amended to add the following wording: “Regional state executive bodies in the sphere of land tenure and land protection shall have the competence in the sphere of reserving and expropriation of land plots for public needs”.
Amends: Regional Law No. 1927-OZ “On delimitation of plenary powers between state bodies related to land tenure and land protection”. (2008-12-13)