Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new ROMANOV Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. Repeated devastating defeats of the Russian army in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the imperial household. The communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the USSR. The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened communist rule and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. After defeating Germany in World War II as part of an alliance with the US (1939-1945), the USSR expanded its territory and influence in Eastern Europe and emerged as a global power. The USSR was the principal adversary of the US during the Cold War (1947-1991). The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the decades following Stalin’s rule, until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism, but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991 splintered the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent republics.
Following economic and political turmoil during President Boris YELTSIN's term (1991-99), Russia shifted toward a centralized authoritarian state under the leadership of President Vladimir PUTIN (2000-2008, 2012-present) in which the regime seeks to legitimize its rule through managed elections, populist appeals, a foreign policy focused on enhancing the country's geopolitical influence, and commodity-based economic growth. Russia faces a largely subdued rebel movement in Chechnya and some other surrounding regions, although violence still occurs throughout the North Caucasus.
Russia is a semi-presidential federation.
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Displaying 661 - 665 of 1046Regional Law No. 965-193 “On maximum and minimum land areas of plots of land allotted to citizens in ownership”.
This Regional Law establishes minimum and maximum land areas of plots of land that can be allotted to citizens in ownership out of stock of public or municipal land for farming, gardening, horticulture, stockbreeding and suburban housing construction, including allotment of the aforesaid plots of land free of charge in cases envisaged by Land Code. Maximum land area that can be allotted for farming shall not exceed 10 percent of total available agricultural land area within the boundaries of a municipal unit at the moment of allotment.
Regional Law No. 62-OZ “On particulars of regulation of land relations”.
This Regional Law establishes plenary powers of regional state bodies and local government related to land tenure of urban land pertaining to public land. It shall not be applicable to agricultural land and land of protected areas.
Regional Law No. 871-PK “On allotment of plots of land to multiple children family”.
This Regional Law establishes that plots of municipal land and plots of land with undelimited ownership shall be allotted to multiple children family in ownership free of charge and without sale for individual housing construction, suburban housing construction, subsidiary smallholding, farming, gardening, horticulture and stockbreeding. The aforesaid plots of land shall be allotted to families or single parents with three or more children of minority age. Minimum land area of plots of land shall be 0, 10 ha and maximum land area shall be 0, 25 ha.
Regional Law No. 996-149 “On subsidiary smallholding”.
This Regional Law establishes legal grounds for performance of subsidiary smallholding by citizens (natural persons) and state support thereto by state bodies and local government in the form of financial assistance for production of agricultural commodities and preferential taxation. Either urban land or agricultural land in the countryside, allotted to citizens or purchased thereby, can be used for subsidiary smallholding. Subsidiary smallholding shall include farming, gardening, horticulture and stockbreeding.
Regional Law No. 886 VH-I “On land”.
This Regional Law regulates ownership on land plots, land tenure and lease, and also turnover of land plots and land shares in common land property related to agricultural land. Land tenure shall be performed in accordance with purposeful use of land, legal regime and authorized land uses in accordance with zoning of the territory. Land tenure must ensure conservation of ecosystems.