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Russia

Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new ROMANOV Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. Repeated devastating defeats of the Russian army in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the imperial household. The communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the USSR. The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened communist rule and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. After defeating Germany in World War II as part of an alliance with the US (1939-1945), the USSR expanded its territory and influence in Eastern Europe and emerged as a global power. The USSR was the principal adversary of the US during the Cold War (1947-1991). The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the decades following Stalin’s rule, until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism, but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991 splintered the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent republics.

Following economic and political turmoil during President Boris YELTSIN's term (1991-99), Russia shifted toward a centralized authoritarian state under the leadership of President Vladimir PUTIN (2000-2008, 2012-present) in which the regime seeks to legitimize its rule through managed elections, populist appeals, a foreign policy focused on enhancing the country's geopolitical influence, and commodity-based economic growth. Russia faces a largely subdued rebel movement in Chechnya and some other surrounding regions, although violence still occurs throughout the North Caucasus.

Russia is a semi-presidential federation.

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Displaying 11 - 15 of 1046

Regional Law No. 95-Z “On improvement of natural environment”.

Legislation
Dezembro, 2016
Rússia

This Regional Law shall have as its purpose ensuring the right of citizens to favorable environment, including landscape and shade gardening, planting of recreational urban forests, thus ensuring favorable conditions for vital activity of citizens, and delimits plenary powers between city state bodies, local government and municipal units in the sphere of improvement of natural environment. Objects of improvement of natural environment shall be: (a) urban land and rural land; and (b) public and municipal land without application of servitude.

Regional Law No. 200-6-ZKO amending Regional Law No. 172-ZKO “On turnover of agricultural land”.

Legislation
Dezembro, 2016
Rússia

Article 2 shall be amended to add the following wording: “This Regional Law shall not be applicable to agricultural land plots for gardening, horticulture, smallholding and to land plots under immovable property”.

Amends: Regional Law No. 172-ZKO “On turnover of agricultural land”. (2008-12-03)

Regional Law No. 34-OZ amending Regional Law No. 283-OZ “On state support of citizens carrying out subsidiary smallholding”.

Legislation
Dezembro, 2016
Rússia

Article 3 shall be amended to add the following wording: “Maximum allowable land area allotted in ownership or on other terms of possession set at ten hectares shall not be applicable in case of allotment on condition of free of charge tenancy or on lease of public or municipal land plots”.

Amends: Regional Law No. 283-OZ “On state support of citizens carrying out subsidiary smallholding”. (2011-07-20)

Regional Law No. 76-RZ “On village chiefs”.

Legislation
Novembro, 2016
Rússia

This Regional Law establishes legal grounds for the operation of village chiefs as a form of public participation in local government. The scope of election of village chief shall be realization of decisions adopted by local government. Public official cannot be elected village chief. Village chiefs shall inform the population on decisions made by local government and shall inform local government of the outbreak of natural and technological disasters.