Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new ROMANOV Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. Repeated devastating defeats of the Russian army in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the imperial household. The communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the USSR. The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened communist rule and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. After defeating Germany in World War II as part of an alliance with the US (1939-1945), the USSR expanded its territory and influence in Eastern Europe and emerged as a global power. The USSR was the principal adversary of the US during the Cold War (1947-1991). The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the decades following Stalin’s rule, until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism, but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991 splintered the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent republics.
Following economic and political turmoil during President Boris YELTSIN's term (1991-99), Russia shifted toward a centralized authoritarian state under the leadership of President Vladimir PUTIN (2000-2008, 2012-present) in which the regime seeks to legitimize its rule through managed elections, populist appeals, a foreign policy focused on enhancing the country's geopolitical influence, and commodity-based economic growth. Russia faces a largely subdued rebel movement in Chechnya and some other surrounding regions, although violence still occurs throughout the North Caucasus.
Russia is a semi-presidential federation.
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Displaying 246 - 250 of 1046Regional Decree No. 120 “On the modalities of performance of municipal land control”.
This Regional Decree establishes the modalities of performance of municipal land control by local government. Municipal land control shall be conducted in the form of ordinary and extraordinary inspections of legal persons and individual entrepreneurs. The subject of inspection shall be checking data and information contained in the documentation related to land tenure, to ensure availability and conservation of landmarks.
Regional Law No. 94-z “On some issues of allotment in ownership of public or municipal land plots”.
This Regional Law establishes that public or municipal land plot can be allotted free of charge on condition of tenancy for maximum period of six year for residential housing construction or family farming to certain categories of agricultural specialists (list of professions included).
Regional Law No. 3184-KZ amending Regional Law No. 532-KZ “On regulation of land relations”.
Article 15 shall be amended to add the following wording: “Expropriation of plots of land for public needs shall be performed in exceptional cases in accordance with the decisions taken by the Regional executive bodies”.
Amends: Regional Law No. 532-KZ “On regulation of land relations”. (2009-07-23)
Regional Law No. 39-OZ “On protected areas”.
This Regional Law regulates relations in the sphere of organization, conservation, protection and functioning of protected areas of regional significance for the purpose of conservation of natural resources potential, healthcare, tourist and recreational resources, landscape and biological diversity, and promotion of ecological education of the population. Regional protected areas shall be classified as follows: (a) natural parks; (b) state nature reserves; (c) nature monuments; (d) dendrological parks and botanical gardens; and (e) healthcare areas and health resorts.
Regional Law No. 968-OZ “On protected areas”.
This Regional Law regulates relations in the sphere of organization, conservation, protection and management of protected areas of regional and local significance. Regional protected areas shall be classified as follows: (a) natural parks; (b) state nature reserves; (c) nature monuments; (d) dendrological parks and botanical gardens; and (e) healthcare areas and health resorts. Protected areas of local significance shall be set up by decision of local government.