The paper review the naturalness related concepts, with a special emphasis on forests, and also their implications on forest conservation. Beside naturalness, key aspects of wild(er)ness, ecosystem integrity, ecosystem health, forest quality and authenticity are disscussed. The main approaches on forest naturalness are presented, including the basic (minimum) naturalness requests, the shortcomings of associating high extreme naturalness levels (virgin, pristine) to forests, or the necessity to consider the temporal component of naturalness (e.g. the forest history).

Forests cover nearly one-third of the world’s land area. They provide vital environmental services such as soil and water protection, regulate the climate and preserve biodiversity, produce valuable raw materials and food, and sustain the livelihoods of millions of people.

This Government Regulation implements the provisions of Law No. 41 of 1999 on Forestry. It establishes that to accelerate the development excluding the activity of forestry, it simplifies the procedure of changing the designation and function of forest areas and solves the problems that cannot be resolved under the provisions of Government Regulation No. 10 of 2010 on Procedure to Change the Designation and Function of Forest Areas.

The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
(MEA), The Economics of Ecosystems & Biodiversity study
(TEEB) and the Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity
and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) provide a comprehensive and
useful framework to understand human dependence on ecosystem
services and how best to protect these services in
perpetuity. In these three authoritative studies, payment
for ecosystem services (PES) is listed as one of the

This paper investigates the
effectiveness of protected areas in slowing tropical forest
clearing in 64 countries in Asia/Pacific, Africa, and Latin
America for the period 2001-2012. The investigation compares
deforestation rates inside and within 10 kilometers outside
the boundary of protected areas. Annual time series of these
deforestation rates were constructed from recently published
high-resolution data on forest clearing. For 4,028 parks,

This is a Māori/Ngati Porou-led PES scheme that makes use of government afforestation subsidies and foreign direct investment to enable one of the tribe’s commercial bodies, Ngāti Porou Whanui Forests Limited (NPWFL) to become a provider of environmental services by undertaking afforestation activities to mitigate severe soil erosion and its negative effects on the Ngāti Porou community.

The objective of the present study was to deepen understanding of outcomes and impacts contributed by the leasehold forestry (LHF) programme, particularly in terms of improving livelihoods, reducing poverty and rehabilitating degraded forests in the hills of Nepal, through improved forest management.

Taxonomy and classification of the Salicaceae are addressed in an authoritative manner, with descriptions of all important individual species, but recognizing the differences in philosophy that still exist in these topics. Natural ecosystems are described. Genetic resources of poplars and willows are covered comprehensively, including selection, tree improvement and conservation, as well as the latest developments in genomics.

The Bikin Carbon Tiger project aims at preserving the valuable ecosystem of this region as well as ensuring the continuity of indigenous traditions through the creation of new income opportunities that are not in conflict with the objectives of environmental conservation.

Forest governance assessment is an expanding practice. People are using Assessments to watch for developing problems, diagnose needs for reform, Monitor progress of programs, and evaluate impacts. Governments, civil society Organizations, development partners, academics and coalitions of stakeholders Have all performed assessments in recent years. In 2012, an expert meeting at fao headquarters in rome recommended the creation of a guide to good practices in forest governance assessment and data collection.

Social Justice in Forestry – as a project of FGLG with funding from the EC – supported the Mozambique Forest Governance Learning Group (FGLG-Mozambique) from January 2009 to December 2013, building on a first phase of EC support from April 2005 to December 2008 and an even earlier phase of work funded by DFID that started in 2003-2004.